BACKGROUND: While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing, these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complet...BACKGROUND: While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing, these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complete understand neurophysiology of swallowing in China. A full understanding of normal swallowing neurophysiology is important for improving functional outcomes for dysphagia due to neurologic disorders or damage with increasing age. Thus the interpretations of the functional contributions of various brain areas in swallowing should be scientifically researched. OBJECTIVE: To identify the activation and characteristic of swallowing center in healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: An uncontrolled neuroimaging study was performed at the Outpatient Clinic, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University between March and November 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy right-handed volunteers, aged over 20 years with a mean age of (34.2 + 8.1) years, a range of 25-45 years and including five males and five females participated. A medical history was obtained from all potential subjects and all subjects were free of systemic diseases and neurological disorders. METHODS: The healthy volunteers were examined with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of blood oxygenation level-dependent while laryngeal swallow-related movements were recorded. Subjects were scanned during voluntary saliva swallowing and water bolus swallowing activation tasks. Data was processed using the General Linear Model. A voxel by voxel group comparison was performed using random effect analysis. Any cluster with a corrected P 〈 0.05 for spatial extent was considered significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cerebral cortical activation maps of voluntary swallowing of saliva and swallowing of water bolus in healthy adults were observed. RESULTS: A multifocal cortical representation of swallowing was in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, in a bilateral and asymmetrical manner, predominantly on the left hemisphere in the volunteers (P 〈 0.05). CONCLUSION: Activation of the cortex during normal swallowing tasks may be functionally linked to basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebellum, greatly appearing in the left hemisphere.展开更多
Although the treatment of myocardial infarction(MI)has improved considerably,it is still a worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality.Whilst there is still a long way to go for discovering ideal treatmen...Although the treatment of myocardial infarction(MI)has improved considerably,it is still a worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality.Whilst there is still a long way to go for discovering ideal treatments,therapeutic strategies committed to cardioprotection and cardiac repair following cardiac ischemia are emerging.Evidence of pathological characteristics in MI illustrates cell signaling pathways that participate in the survival,proliferation,apoptosis,autophagy of cardiomyocytes,endothelial cells,fibroblasts,monocytes,and stem cells.These signaling pathways include the key players in inflammation response,e.g.,NLRP3/caspase-1 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB;the crucial mediators in oxidative stress and apoptosis,for instance,Notch,Hippo/YAP,RhoA/ROCK,Nrf2/HO-1,and Sonic hedgehog;the controller of myocardial fibrosis such as TGF-β/SMADs and Wnt/β-catenin;and the main regulator of angiogenesis,PI3K/Akt,MAPK,JAK/STAT,Sonic hedgehog,etc.Since signaling pathways play an important role in administering the process of MI,aiming at targeting these aberrant signaling pathways and improving the pathological manifestations in MI is indispensable and promising.Hence,drug therapy,gene therapy,protein therapy,cell therapy,and exosome therapy have been emerging and are known as novel therapies.In this review,we summarize the therapeutic strategies for MI by regulating these associated pathways,which contribute to inhibiting cardiomyocytes death,attenuating inflammation,enhancing angiogenesis,etc.so as to repair and re-functionalize damaged hearts.展开更多
Dear Editor,Glucocorticoids(GCs)often cause detrimental side effects,including osteoporosis and osteonecrosis,with no specific drugs available to circumvent these problems.1 Cellular senescence plays an essential role...Dear Editor,Glucocorticoids(GCs)often cause detrimental side effects,including osteoporosis and osteonecrosis,with no specific drugs available to circumvent these problems.1 Cellular senescence plays an essential role in bone loss,2,3 where senescent cells release various factors,termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP),which influences neighboring cells and disrupts normal tissues.2 Glucocorticoids can induce senescence in bone cells in young mice;2 however,the effects of GCs on senescence and SASP during bone metabolism in adult mice are unclear.展开更多
基金Supported by:the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30625024Supported by:the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30728017+1 种基金Supported by:the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30525030National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),No. 2007CB512305/1
文摘BACKGROUND: While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing, these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complete understand neurophysiology of swallowing in China. A full understanding of normal swallowing neurophysiology is important for improving functional outcomes for dysphagia due to neurologic disorders or damage with increasing age. Thus the interpretations of the functional contributions of various brain areas in swallowing should be scientifically researched. OBJECTIVE: To identify the activation and characteristic of swallowing center in healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: An uncontrolled neuroimaging study was performed at the Outpatient Clinic, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University between March and November 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy right-handed volunteers, aged over 20 years with a mean age of (34.2 + 8.1) years, a range of 25-45 years and including five males and five females participated. A medical history was obtained from all potential subjects and all subjects were free of systemic diseases and neurological disorders. METHODS: The healthy volunteers were examined with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of blood oxygenation level-dependent while laryngeal swallow-related movements were recorded. Subjects were scanned during voluntary saliva swallowing and water bolus swallowing activation tasks. Data was processed using the General Linear Model. A voxel by voxel group comparison was performed using random effect analysis. Any cluster with a corrected P 〈 0.05 for spatial extent was considered significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cerebral cortical activation maps of voluntary swallowing of saliva and swallowing of water bolus in healthy adults were observed. RESULTS: A multifocal cortical representation of swallowing was in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, in a bilateral and asymmetrical manner, predominantly on the left hemisphere in the volunteers (P 〈 0.05). CONCLUSION: Activation of the cortex during normal swallowing tasks may be functionally linked to basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebellum, greatly appearing in the left hemisphere.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82172534)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC2008502)1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,West China Hospital,Sichuan University.
文摘Although the treatment of myocardial infarction(MI)has improved considerably,it is still a worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality.Whilst there is still a long way to go for discovering ideal treatments,therapeutic strategies committed to cardioprotection and cardiac repair following cardiac ischemia are emerging.Evidence of pathological characteristics in MI illustrates cell signaling pathways that participate in the survival,proliferation,apoptosis,autophagy of cardiomyocytes,endothelial cells,fibroblasts,monocytes,and stem cells.These signaling pathways include the key players in inflammation response,e.g.,NLRP3/caspase-1 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB;the crucial mediators in oxidative stress and apoptosis,for instance,Notch,Hippo/YAP,RhoA/ROCK,Nrf2/HO-1,and Sonic hedgehog;the controller of myocardial fibrosis such as TGF-β/SMADs and Wnt/β-catenin;and the main regulator of angiogenesis,PI3K/Akt,MAPK,JAK/STAT,Sonic hedgehog,etc.Since signaling pathways play an important role in administering the process of MI,aiming at targeting these aberrant signaling pathways and improving the pathological manifestations in MI is indispensable and promising.Hence,drug therapy,gene therapy,protein therapy,cell therapy,and exosome therapy have been emerging and are known as novel therapies.In this review,we summarize the therapeutic strategies for MI by regulating these associated pathways,which contribute to inhibiting cardiomyocytes death,attenuating inflammation,enhancing angiogenesis,etc.so as to repair and re-functionalize damaged hearts.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(81972146 to Chengqi He)the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(20YYJC3320,2020YJ0210 to Chengqi He)+1 种基金West China Hospital of Sichuan University(ZYGD18018 and HX-20l9-nCoV-011to Chengqi He)West China Nursing Discipline Development Special Fund Project,Sichuan University(HXHL20001 to Chengqi He).
文摘Dear Editor,Glucocorticoids(GCs)often cause detrimental side effects,including osteoporosis and osteonecrosis,with no specific drugs available to circumvent these problems.1 Cellular senescence plays an essential role in bone loss,2,3 where senescent cells release various factors,termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP),which influences neighboring cells and disrupts normal tissues.2 Glucocorticoids can induce senescence in bone cells in young mice;2 however,the effects of GCs on senescence and SASP during bone metabolism in adult mice are unclear.