Progress in non-invasive detection of liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is an important pathological precondition for hepatocellular carcinoma.The degree of hepatic fibrosis is positively correlated with liver cancer.Liver fibrosis is a series of pathological and physiological process related to liver cell necrosis and degeneration after chronic liver injury,which finally leads to extracellular matrix and collagen deposition.The early detection and precise staging of fibrosis and cirrhosis are very important for early diagnosis and timely initiation of appropriate therapeutic regimens.The risk of severe liver fibrosis finally progressing to liver carcinoma is>50%.It is known that biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis.However,this method has some limitations,such as the potential for pain,sampling variability,and low patient acceptance.Furthermore,the necessity of obtaining a tissue diagnosis of liver fibrosis still remains controversial.An increasing number of reliable non-invasive approaches are now available that are widely applied in clinical practice,mostly in cases of viral hepatitis,resulting in a significantly decreased need for liver biopsy.In fact,the noninvasive detection and evaluation of liver cirrhosis now has good accuracy due to current serum markers,ultrasound imaging,and magnetic resonance imaging quantification techniques.A prominent advantage of the non-invasive detection and assessment of liver fibrosis is that liver fibrosis can be monitored repeatedly and easily in the same patient.Serum biomarkers have the advantages of high applicability(>95%)and good reproducibility.However,their results can be influenced by different patient conditions because none of these markers are liver-specific.The most promising techniques appear to be transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography because they provide reliable results for the detection of fibrosis in the advanced stages,and future developments promise to increase the reliability and accuracy of the staging of hepatic fibrosis.This article aims to describe the recent progress in the development of non-invasive assessment methods for the staging of liver fibrosis,with a special emphasize on computer-aided quantitative and deep learning methods.

深度学习在无人船中的应用与挑战

Autonomous surface ships have become increasingly interesting for commercial maritime sectors.Before deep learning(DL)was proposed,surface ship autonomy was mostly model-based.The development of artificial intelligence(AI)has prompted new challenges in the maritime industry.A detailed literature study and examination of DL applications in autonomous surface ships are still missing.Thus,this article reviews the current progress and applications of DL in the field of ship autonomy.The history of different DL methods and their application in autonomous surface ships is briefly outlined.Then,the previously published works studying DL methods in ship autonomy have been categorized into four groups,i.e.,control systems,ship navigation,monitoring system,and transportation and logistics.The state-of-the-art of this review paper majorly lies in presenting the existing limitations and innovations of different applications.Subsequently,the current issues and challenges for DL application in autonomous surface ships are discussed.In addition,we have proposed a comparative study of traditional and DL algorithms in ship autonomy and also provided the future research scope as well.

Controlling assembly-induced symmetry-breaking by tuning the vortex-responsive nanostructures

The generation of chirality in supramolecular structures from achiral building blocks has remained a challenge for a long time.In this study,we present a vortex-assisted chiral supramolecular polymerization from a series of achiral C3-symmetric monomers,where the mechanism of symmetry-breaking is systematically investigated.By increasing the supersaturation,at the early stage of nucleation and growth,highly ordered assemblies can be generated as the initial chiral nuclei.Meanwhile,chiral assemblies from high supersaturation are hard to interwind into clusters,where clusters as nuclei are not conducive to being fractured by sheer force of vortex fluid.Therefore,it is concluded that chiral assemblies in the nucleation stage possess low energy barrier,so that chiral nuclei could be fractured and replicated by the vortex.By enlarging the initial chiral bias,the major chiral nuclei can evolute into the final chiral polymers.

Endowing inorganic nanomaterials with circularly polarized luminescence

Recently,materials with circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)properties have attracted substantial attention because they offer new perspectives in fundamental research and wide applications in photonics,bio-encoding,catalysis,and so forth.Such importance has recently promoted the development of CPL-active materials from the traditional realm of organics to newly released areas in inorganics.Due to the advantages of inorganic nanomaterials in stability,high luminescent quantum efficiency,material diversity,and the diversity of shapes and sizes,extensive research about CPL active inorganic nanomaterials has been done in the past decades leading to great signs of progress on synthesis,characterizations,and potential applications.In this review,therefore,we will thoroughly describe the general design principles of inorganic nanomaterials with CPL activity,basically according to the origins of chirality in inorganic nanomaterials:intrinsic chirality in inorganic nanomaterials,ligand-induced chirality,and structural chirality caused by the supramolecular assembly,respectively.The representative applications of the CPL-active inorganic nanomaterials are presented with respect to challenges,prospective,and problems that unsolved to date.

董事高管责任险与管理层薪酬黏性

本文利用2010—2019年上市公司样本,考察上市公司购买董事高管责任险与管理层薪酬黏性之间的关系。研究发现,董事高管责任险可以显著抑制上市公司管理层薪酬黏性,尤其是当两权分离度较高时,董事高管责任险的治理作用更明显。进一步的研究显示,董事高管责任险对制度环境具有依赖性,当公司处于内部控制质量更高或政治监督更严厉的规范化制度环境时,董事高管责任险对管理层薪酬黏性的抑制作用更强。本文丰富了现有关于董事高管责任险的研究,从薪酬黏性角度为董事高管责任险具有良好的治理效应提供了新的证据。

Bond energy enabled amine distinguishing strategy:chemo-,regioselective 1,3-diamination of(trifluoromethyl)alkenes with different amines by two C(sp^(3))-F bond cleavages

The methods to distinguish between amines are rarely investigated.In this article,a bond energy enabled amine distinguishing strategy is reported.With(trifluoromethyl)alkenes as linchpins,a chemo-,regio-selective three-component defluorinative 1,3-diamination reaction with two different amine nucleophiles was achieved.