Preweaning period is a critical window for rumen microbial regulation of average daily gain in Holstein heifer calves

Background Rumen bacterial groups can affect growth performance,such as average daily gain(ADG),feed intake,and efficiency.The study aimed to investigate the inter-relationship of rumen bacterial composition,rumen fermentation indicators,serum indicators,and growth performance of Holstein heifer calves with different ADG.Twelve calves were chosen from a trail with 60 calves and divided into higher ADG(HADG,high pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)and lower ADG(LADG,low pre-and post-weaning ADG,n=6)groups to investigate differences in bacterial composition and functions and host phenotype.Results During the preweaning period,the relative abundances of propionate producers,including g_norank_f_Butyricicoccaceae,g_Pyramidobacter,and g_norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadin BB60_group,were higher in HADG calves(LDA>2,P<0.05).Enrichment of these bacteria resulted in increased levels of propionate,a gluconeogenic precursor,in preweaning HADG calves(adjusted P<0.05),which consequently raised serum glucose concentrations(adjusted P<0.05).In contrast,the relative abundances of rumen bacteria in post-weaning HADG calves did not exert this effect.Moreover,no significant differences were observed in rumen fermentation parameters and serum indices between the two groups.Conclusions The findings of this study revealed that the preweaning period is the window of opportunity for rumen bacteria to regulate the ADG of calves.

Burn image segmentation based on Mask Regions with Convolutional Neural Network deep learning framework:more accurate and more convenient

Background:Burns are life-threatening with high morbidity and mortality.Reliable diagnosis supported by accurate burn area and depth assessment is critical to the success of the treatment decision and,in some cases,can save the patient’s life.Current techniques such as straight-ruler method,aseptic film trimming method,and digital camera photography method are not repeatable and comparable,which lead to a great difference in the judgment of burn wounds and impede the establishment of the same evaluation criteria.Hence,in order to semi-automate the burn diagnosis process,reduce the impact of human error,and improve the accuracy of burn diagnosis,we include the deep learning technology into the diagnosis of burns.Method:This article proposes a novel method employing a state-of-the-art deep learning technique to segment the burn wounds in the images.We designed this deep learning segmentation framework based on the Mask Regions with Convolutional Neural Network(Mask R-CNN).For training our framework,we labeled 1150 pictures with the format of the Common Objects in Context(COCO)data set and trained our model on 1000 pictures.In the evaluation,we compared the different backbone networks in our framework.These backbone networks are Residual Network-101 with Atrous Convolution in Feature Pyramid Network(R101FA),Residual Network-101 with Atrous Convolution(R101A),and InceptionV2-Residual Network with Atrous Convolution(IV2RA).Finally,we used the Dice coefficient(DC)value to assess the model accuracy.Result:The R101FA backbone network gains the highest accuracy 84.51%in 150 pictures.Moreover,we chose different burn depth pictures to evaluate these three backbone networks.The R101FA backbone network gains the best segmentation effect in superficial,superficial thickness,and deep partial thickness.The R101A backbone network gains the best segmentation effect in full-thickness burn.Conclusion:This deep learning framework shows excellent segmentation in burn wound and extremely robust in different burn wound depths.Moreover,this framework just needs a suitable burn wound image when analyzing the burn wound.It is more convenient and more suitable when using in clinics compared with the traditional methods.And it also contributes more to the calculation of total body surface area(TBSA)burned.