进口SPF鼠调整隔离期检疫风险分析

[目的]探讨缩短隔离期的可行性,以促进SPF鼠尽早用于科研。[方法 ]重点分析了境外环节SPF小鼠/大鼠的饲养设施、饲养管理、卫生控制、病原检测、官方监管及运输条件,研究了SPF鼠进境后的运输车辆、隔离设施、地方监管要求及历年进口发生问题的几率,比较了11个国家进口SPF鼠的隔离检疫政策。[结果 ]进口SPF鼠传入相关疫病的风险低、进境后暴露发生疫病的风险低,相关国家官方不进行强制隔离检疫。[结论 ]考虑到我国目前对活动物的隔离检疫政策和生命科学领域特殊需求,综合《进境动物检疫疫病名录》相关鼠病和国标《实验动物微生物学等级及监测》相关检测要求,建议在符合相应要求的条件下,调整进境SPF鼠隔离期为14天。

高糖培养人晶状体上皮细胞创伤后Cyclin D1的表达

目的:观察高糖培养的人晶状体上皮细胞在创伤刺激后Cyclin D1的表达情况。方法:采用MTT法观察不同浓度葡萄糖对体外培养的人晶状体上皮细胞(HLEB3)作用24h后细胞增殖活性的影响,确定最适葡萄糖作用浓度。将HLEB3细胞分为高糖预处理组(高糖培养基预处理24h后再更换高糖培养基培养)和非高糖预处理组(正常培养基培养24h后再更换高糖培养基培养),根据更换高糖培养基时是否进行划伤处理将细胞分为对照组和划伤组,分别采用qRT-PCR和Western blot法检测各组细胞创伤后不同时间点Cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。结果:一定浓度范围的葡萄糖能够增强细胞增殖活性,25.5mmol/L葡萄糖处理时细胞活性最强。高糖预处理细胞Cyclin D1表达在一定时间范围内呈时间依赖性表达下调;非高糖预处理细胞Cyclin D1表达呈不规律性,在12h和48h处表达上调;划伤处理可在一定程度上刺激细胞Cyclin D1表达上调。结论:葡萄糖对人晶状体上皮细胞活性及Cyclin D1表达的影响呈现不规律性,创伤处理可在一定程度上上调细胞Cyclin D1的表达。

高山峡谷区滑坡-泥石流灾害链成灾模式与危险性评价——以舟曲立节为例

以舟曲立节滑坡-泥石流灾害链为例,在快速探测滑坡变形特征与内部结构的基础上,分析立节滑坡-泥石流的成灾模式,基于数值模拟开展不同情景下灾害链的危险性定量预测,建立“光学遥感回溯分析-地球物理快速探测-数值模型定量评价”的滑坡-泥石流灾害链危险性综合评价方法,可为青藏高原及周边地区类似灾害链风险预测与应急处置提供参考.立节滑坡是受断裂带控制的黄土-碎石土堆积层滑坡,滑坡崩解滑塌区松散滑坡体和堆积区坡面、沟道堆积物是北山沟泥石流的主要物源,被地表径流侵蚀夹带转化为泥石流,形成滑坡-泥石流灾害链,对沟口立节镇造成严重威胁.为评价可能发生的滑坡-泥石流灾害链效应,利用MassFlow与BASEMENT综合数值建模方法,对滑坡的堆积以及不同降雨情景下可能形成的泥石流的流量、流速、堆积情况进行评价预测,结果显示,假设滑坡强度降低后,有约3.52×105m3滑坡物质极易转化为泥石流,在极端降雨条件下会出现泥石流堵江灾害.

Lithium–matrix composite anode protected by a solid electrolyte layer for stable lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal with an ultrahigh specific theoretical capacity and the lowest reduction potential is strongly considered as a promising anode for high-energy-density batteries. However, uncontrolled lithium dendrites and infinite volume change during repeated plating/stripping cycles hinder its practical applications immensely. Herein, a house-like Li anode (housed Li) was designed to circumvent the above issues. The house matrix was composed of carbon fiber matrix and affords a stable structure to relieve the volume change. An artificial solid electrolyte layer was formed on composite Li metal, just like the roof of a house, which facilitates uniform Li ions diffusion and serves as a physical barrier against electrolyte corrosion. With the combination of solid electrolyte layer and matrix in the composite Li metal anode, both dendrite growth and volume expansion are remarkably inhibited. The housed Li|LiFePO4 batteries exhibited over 95% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1.0 C in coin cell and 85% capacity retention after 80 cycles at 0.5 C in pouch cell. The rationally combination of solid electrolyte layer protection and housed framework in one Li metal anode sheds fresh insights on the design principle of a safe and long-lifespan Li metal anode for Li metal batteries.

Perspective on the critical role of interface for advanced batteries

As an efficient and environmental friendly energy storage system, lithium battery has been integrated into daily mobile life [1].Lithium batteries are becoming indispensable to all types of electronic products such as laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras [2]. A typical lithium battery consists of positive electrode(cathode), negative electrode(anode), electrolyte and other inactive materials(binder, conductive agent, separator) [3].

A review on the failure and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase in lithium batteries

Solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)has been widely recognized as the most important and the least understood component in lithium batteries.Considering the intrinsic instability in both chemical and mechanical,the failure of SEI is inevitable and strongly associated with the performance decay of practical working batteries.In this Review,the failure mechanisms and the corresponding regulation strategies of SEI are focused.Firstly,the fundamental properties of SEI,including the formation principles,and the typical composition and structures are briefly introduced.Moreover,the common SEI failure modes involving thermal failure,chemical failure,and mechanical failure are classified and discussed,respectively.Beyond that,the regulation strategies of SEI with respect to different failure modes are further concluded.Finally,the future endeavor in further disclosing the mysteries of SEI is prospected.

锂电池中固体电解质界面研究进展

锂离子电池在电子产品和电动汽车等领域已得到广泛应用,同时具有更高比能量的锂离子电池和锂金属电池也在不断研发中。电极界面的研究在推动电池的研发和产业化过程中发挥重要作用,因为电池在首次充放电过程中电解液组分在电极/电解质界面上发生氧化/还原反应并形成离子导通、电子绝缘性质的界面膜,界面膜对于维持电极结构的完整性、保障锂离子快速迁移和防止电解液持续分解十分关键,因此其稳定性与电池的循环性能和使用寿命密切相关。本文综述了固体电解质界面(SEI)的研究进展,首先介绍了SEI在初次充放电阶段对电位的依赖性,讨论SEI的形成机理,具体分析了影响SEI形成的两个关键因素,即电极表面的离子特性吸附和电解液体相的溶剂化组成和结构;其次,梳理总结了界面的结构与化学组成研究进展,及锂离子在界面中可能的传导机制;此外还简要概述了影响界面膜的因素和调控界面膜的策略;最后对SEI在未来的研究方向进行了展望。

A bifunctional ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer protective layer for dendrites-free lithium metal anodes

Lithium metal batteries are strongly considered as one of the most promising candidates for nextgeneration high-performance battery systems.However,the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites and the highly reactive lithium metal result in the severe safety risks and the short lifespan for highenergy-density rechargeable batteries.Here,we demonstrate a hydrophobic and ionically conductive ethylene-vinyl acetate(EVA)copolymer layer can not only endow lithium metal anodes with an air-stable and anti-water surface,but also efficiently suppress the lithium-dendrites growth during the electrochemical cycling process.Therefore,the introduction of the EVA copolymer as a bifunctional protection layer simultaneously improves the anti-water/air performance and electrochemical cycling stability of lithium metal anode.

The influence of formation temperature on the solid electrolyte interphase of graphite in lithium ion batteries

Lithium-ion battery has greatly changed our lifestyle and the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)covered on the graphite anode determines the service life of a battery.The formation method and the formation temperature at initial cycle of a battery determine the feature of the SEI.Herein,we investigate the gap of formation behavior in both a half cell(graphite matches with lithium anode)and a full cell(graphite matches with NCM,short for LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2)at different temperatures.We conclude that high temperature causes severe side reactions and low temperature will result in low ionic conductive SEI layer,the interface formed at room temperature owns the best ionic conductivity and stability.

New insights into “dead lithium” during stripping in lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal attributes to the promising anode but endures the low Columbic efficiency (CE) and safety issues from the inactive Li accumulation. The metallic Li which is isolated from the lithium anode (named dead Li^(0)) consists the major component of the inactive Li. We systematically and meticulously investigated the formation and evaluation of dead Li^(0) during stripping process from electron transfer, the oxidation of Li^(0) to Li^(+) and the diffusion of Li^(+) through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The above-mentioned processes were regulated by adjusting the contact sites of electron channels, the dynamic rate of conversion from Li^(0) to Li^(+), and the structure as well as components of SEI. The design principles for achieving less dead Li^(0) and higher CE are proposed as a proof of concept in lithium metal batteries. This new insight sheds a comprehensive light on dead Li^(0) formation and guides the next-generation safe batteries for future application.

In-situ determination of onset lithium plating for safe Li-ion batteries

Lithium plating in working batteries has attracted wide attention in the exploration of safe energy storage. Establishing an effective and rapid early-warning method is strongly considered but quite challenging since lithium plating behavior is determined by diverse factors. In this contribution, we present a non-destructive electrochemical detection method based on transient state analysis and threeelectrode cell configuration. Through dividing the iR drop value by the current density, the as-obtained impedance quantity(R_(i)) can serve as a descriptor to describe the change of electrochemical reaction impedance on the graphite anode. The onset of lithium plating can be identified from the sharp drop of R_(i). Once the dendritic plated lithium occurs, the extra electrochemical reactions at the lithium interfaces leads to growing active area and reduced surface resistance of the anode. We proposed a protocol to operate the batteries under the limited capacity, which renders the cell with 98.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles without lithium plating. The early-warning method has also been validated in in-situ optical microscopy batteries and practical pouch cells, providing a general but effective method for online lithium plating detection towards safe batteries.

Cellulose nanofiber separator for suppressing shuttle effect and Li dendrite formation in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB) has high energy density but is limited by the polysulfides shuttle and dendrite growth during cycling. Herein, a free-standing cellulose nanofiber(CNF) separator is designed and fabricated in isopropanol/water suspension through vacuum filtration progress. CNFs with abundant polar oxygen-containing functional groups can chemically immobilize the polysulfides, and suppress the formation of the dendrites by controlling the surface morphology of the SEI on lithium metal in LSB. The isopropanol content in a suspension can fine-tune the pore structure of the membrane to achieve optimal electrochemical performance. The prepared separator displays integrated advantages of an ultrathin thickness(19 μm), lightweight(0.87 mg cm^(-2)), extremely high porosity(98.05%), and decent electrolyte affinity. As a result, the discharge capacity of the LSB with CNF separator at the first and 100 th cycle is 1.4 and 1.3 times that of PP separator, respectively. Our research provides an environmentalfriendly and facile strategy for the preparation of multifunctional separators for LSBs.

A Review of Advanced Energy Materials for Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries

Magnesium–sulfur batteries promise high volumetric energy density,enhanced safety,and low cost for electrochemical energy storage.The current obstacles to practical applications of reliable magnesium–sulfur batteries are finding electrolytes that can meet a multitude of rigorous requirements along with efficient sulfur cathodes and magnesium anodes.This review highlights recent advances in designing better electrolytes,cathodes,and anodes.A suitable electrolyte for magnesium-sulfur batteries should allow to reversibly electroplate/strip divalent magnesium ions and should be compatible with the sulfur cathode and the other cell’s components.

Electrolyte inhomogeneity induced lithium plating in fast charging lithium-ion batteries

Fast charging capability of lithium-ion batteries is in urgent need for widespread economic success of electric vehicles. However, the application of the fast charging technology often leads to the inevitable lithium plating on the graphite anode, which is one of the main culprits that endanger battery safety and shorten battery lifespan. The in-depth understanding of the initiation of lithium metal nucleation and the following plating behavior is a key to the development of fast charging cells. Herein, we investigate the overlooked effect of the non-uniform distribution of electrolyte on lithium plating during fast charging. Prior lithium plating occurs on the saturated lithium-graphite compounds in the anode region with sufficient electrolyte since the lithium-ion transport is blocked in the anode region lacking electrolyte. The uniform distribution of electrolyte is crucial for the construction of safe lithium-ion batteries especially in fast charging scenarios.

A generalizable, data-driven online approach to forecast capacity degradation trajectory of lithium batteries

Estimating battery degradation is vital not only to monitor battery’s state-of-health but also to accelerate research on new battery chemistries. Herein, we present a data-driven approach to forecast the capacity fading trajectory of lab-assembled lithium batteries. Features with physical meanings in addition to predictive abilities are extracted from discharge voltage curves, enabling online prediction for a single cell with only its historical data. The robustness and generalizability allow for the demonstration on a compromised quality dataset consisting of batteries varying in battery architectures and cycling conditions,with superior accuracy for end of life and degradation trajectory prediction with average errors of 8.2%and 2.8%, respectively. Apart from the impressive prediction accuracy, the as-extracted features also provide physical insights, the incorporation of which into material design or battery operation conditions further enlightens the development of better batteries. We highlight the effectiveness of time-seriesbased techniques in forecasting battery cycling performance, as well as the huge potential of datadriven methods in unveiling hidden correlations in complicated energy chemistries such as lithium metal batteries.

Interface enhanced well-dispersed Co9S8 nanocrystals as an efficient polysulfide host in lithium–sulfur batteries

The high specific capacity and energy density of lithium-sulfur batteries have attracted strong considerations on their fundamental mechanism and energy applications.However,polysulfide shuttle is still the key issue that impedes the development of Li-S batteries.Exploring nanocrystal hosts for polysulfide immobilization and conversion is a promising way.In this contribution,we have investigated well-dispersed Co9S8 nanocrystals grown on graphene oxide(GO)nanosheets with different degrees of dispersion as cathode host materials for Li-S batteries.The Co9S8-GO composite with 1 wt%GO(GCS1)has an average crystal size of 76 nm and shows the strongest adsorption capability toward lithium polysulfides.When used as the host material for the cathode of Li-S batteries,the GCS1-sulfur composite exhibits an initial specific capacity of^-1000 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 C and shows an average decay rate of 0.11%for 500 cycles.This work on the dispersion control of Co9S8 nanocrystals may inspire more investigations on well-dispersed nanocrystal based hosts for Li-S batteries.

舰船隔振中多层衰波媒质的声传递特性分析

文章研究了多层衰波媒质结构在斜入射声波作用下,各层媒质的几何参数变化对其衰波作用的影响规律。应用建立的二维传递矩阵数学模型计算了多层衰波媒质结构对垂直入射声波的衰波系数,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,计算结果与实验结果基本一致。同时利用此数学模型分析了媒质总厚度、各层厚度比及声波入射角度对声强透射和反射系数的影响。分析结果表明,各因素变化对结构中波传递特性影响较大,且在一定程度上增加结构总厚度和首层媒质厚度有利于增强结构的衰波性能,特别是增强低频区衰波性能。

Molecular-scale controllable conversion of biopolymers into hard carbons towards lithium and sodium ion batteries: A review

Hard carbons are widely investigated as potential anodes for lithium and sodium ion batteries owing to their internally well-tailored textures(closed pores and defects) and large microcrystalline interlayer spacing. The renewable biomass is a green and economically attractive carbon source to produce hard carbons. However, the chemical and structural complexity of biomass has plagued the understanding of evolution mechanism from organic precursors to hard carbons and the structure-property relationship.This makes it difficult to finely tune the microstructure of biomass-derived hard carbons, thus greatly restricting their high-performance applications. Most recently, the optimal utilization and controllable conversion of biomass-derived biopolymers(such as starch, cellulose and lignin) at the molecular level have become a burgeoning area of research to develop hard carbons for advanced batteries.Considering the principal source of carbonaceous materials is from biomass pyrolysis, we firstly overview the chemical structures and pyrolysis behaviors of three main biopolymers. Then, the controllable preparation of hard carbons using various physicochemical properties of biopolymers at the molecular level is systematically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight present challenges and further opportunities in this field. The Review will guide future research works on the design of sustainable hard carbons and the optimization of battery performance.

侵染牡丹的苹果茎沟病毒分离物基因组测序及分析

前期在北京地区种植的牡丹中检测到了苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus,ASGV),并获得了1个ASGV牡丹分离物的基因组全序列。为分析侵染牡丹的ASGV的遗传多样性,根据已报道的118个ASGV基因组全序列的保守区设计特异性引物,用重叠(overlapping)RT-PCR和cDNA末端序列快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术获得9个ASGV牡丹分离物的基因组全序列。共计10个ASGV牡丹分离物,基因组全序列成对比对的核苷酸一致性为81.9%~97.6%,与其他物种ASGV分离物基因组全序列的核苷酸一致性为80.8%~91.2%。序列分析表明ASGV牡丹分离物的分子多样性主要位于多聚蛋白的保守结构域Mtr和P-Pro之间以及RdRp与CP之间。用127个ASGV基因组全序列进行重组分析,5个牡丹分离物被鉴定为重组体,其中1个重组体的重组亲本来源于不同国家的不同寄主植物。用79个非重组的ASGV基因组全序列构建系统发育树,表明ASGV牡丹分离物与ASGV苹果、梨和柑橘等分离物共同聚类到第Ⅰ组,且ASGV牡丹分离物聚到不同的分支。研究结果表明侵染牡丹的ASGV具有遗传多样性,重组可能是导致其遗传多样性的一个因素。

电化学储能系统中的电位智能传感与应用

电化学储能的深度参与是构建新型低碳电力系统的关键核心。规模化储能电站和新能源汽车将作为电化学储能的重要载体,但其核心部件锂电池面临的安全问题也日益突显。因此,提升电化学储能系统的安全性、稳定性和可预警性是当务之急。基于传统单调采集外部信号的解决方案已无法满足当前储能系统的需求。在电池内部植入智能传感器(电位、温度、压力、气体等)实现多维度感知正发展成为解决电池研究的重要手段。深入理解电位传感器的原理与挑战,准确定义其关键科学问题,促进电池的化学工程过程定量描述,并结合数据科学和人工智能解析技术开发面向不同应用场景的电位智能传感器,在电池快充、安全预警及寿命预测等方面将发挥重要支撑作用。