A study of operability and assessment of the safety level of a crude distillation unit in a Nigerian refinery has been carried out. In a crude distillation unit of a refinery, the desalter and preflash column, as well...A study of operability and assessment of the safety level of a crude distillation unit in a Nigerian refinery has been carried out. In a crude distillation unit of a refinery, the desalter and preflash column, as well as their associated pipe works and pumps, are considered to have high-risk factors that can present operability problems and possibly hazardous conditions. Applying the HAZOP methodology, a total of 25 guide words were suitably applied on 4 nodes to study the possible deviations that may occur. The 89 causes of these deviations identified in the study could be classified under human errors and equipment malfunctioning. From the nature of the 46 consequences identified, the plant is likely to experience more of operability problems and less of deadly hazardous scenes. Suitable recommendations that will improve the operability and safety levels of the plant were however presented in the study and presented in tables. If the 61 recommendations given in this study can be incorporated into the design with the few safeguards already present in the original design of the plant, the operability problems of the plant will be greatly minimized and safety level will improve drastically.展开更多
Hydrogels have various potential applications due to their unique characteristics and recently,hydrogels have been utilized as adsorbents in wastewater treatment because of their ability to remove contaminants from wa...Hydrogels have various potential applications due to their unique characteristics and recently,hydrogels have been utilized as adsorbents in wastewater treatment because of their ability to remove contaminants from water.Constructing strong hydrogels with high adsorption capabilities is crucial for effective wastewater treatment.Scientists and researchers are working to improve the properties of hydrogels by incorporating inorganic elements into polymer networks,which further reduces the costs as well as simplifies their preparation.Natural polymers like starch and alginate are widespread due to their economic and biological advantages,such as biodegradability,biocompatibility,reduced toxicity,environmental friendliness,and low cost.The adsorption of pollutants onto hydrogels as well as their use as antimicrobial agents has garnered significant attention.This review paper summarizes the latest studies on using hydrogels as adsorbents to remove endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and other emerging pollutants from water environments along with their use as antimicrobial agents.In the first step,different classes of hydrogels and different characterization techniques have been discussed.Next antimicrobial potential of hydrogels is elaborated to understand how these hydrogels can be a potential candidate for such activities.While discussing the adsorption application of hydrogels,different isothermal,kinetics and thermodynamics models have been discussed to highlight the mechanism and nature of forces involved in adsorption of pollutants.Further different simulations such as DFT and MD have been discussed to get more holistic understanding of pollutants adsorption onto hydrogels.A limited number of studies have utilized other techniques such as Monte Carlo simulations and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)so it is important to explore a variety of computational methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption process onto hydrogels.展开更多
文摘A study of operability and assessment of the safety level of a crude distillation unit in a Nigerian refinery has been carried out. In a crude distillation unit of a refinery, the desalter and preflash column, as well as their associated pipe works and pumps, are considered to have high-risk factors that can present operability problems and possibly hazardous conditions. Applying the HAZOP methodology, a total of 25 guide words were suitably applied on 4 nodes to study the possible deviations that may occur. The 89 causes of these deviations identified in the study could be classified under human errors and equipment malfunctioning. From the nature of the 46 consequences identified, the plant is likely to experience more of operability problems and less of deadly hazardous scenes. Suitable recommendations that will improve the operability and safety levels of the plant were however presented in the study and presented in tables. If the 61 recommendations given in this study can be incorporated into the design with the few safeguards already present in the original design of the plant, the operability problems of the plant will be greatly minimized and safety level will improve drastically.
文摘Hydrogels have various potential applications due to their unique characteristics and recently,hydrogels have been utilized as adsorbents in wastewater treatment because of their ability to remove contaminants from water.Constructing strong hydrogels with high adsorption capabilities is crucial for effective wastewater treatment.Scientists and researchers are working to improve the properties of hydrogels by incorporating inorganic elements into polymer networks,which further reduces the costs as well as simplifies their preparation.Natural polymers like starch and alginate are widespread due to their economic and biological advantages,such as biodegradability,biocompatibility,reduced toxicity,environmental friendliness,and low cost.The adsorption of pollutants onto hydrogels as well as their use as antimicrobial agents has garnered significant attention.This review paper summarizes the latest studies on using hydrogels as adsorbents to remove endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and other emerging pollutants from water environments along with their use as antimicrobial agents.In the first step,different classes of hydrogels and different characterization techniques have been discussed.Next antimicrobial potential of hydrogels is elaborated to understand how these hydrogels can be a potential candidate for such activities.While discussing the adsorption application of hydrogels,different isothermal,kinetics and thermodynamics models have been discussed to highlight the mechanism and nature of forces involved in adsorption of pollutants.Further different simulations such as DFT and MD have been discussed to get more holistic understanding of pollutants adsorption onto hydrogels.A limited number of studies have utilized other techniques such as Monte Carlo simulations and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)so it is important to explore a variety of computational methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption process onto hydrogels.
