湖泊生态服务受益者分析及生态生产函数构建

生态系统服务管理作为生态系统管理的优化方式,是生态学研究的前沿方向。湖泊生态系统服务管理是指综合利用生态学、经济学、社会学和管理学等学科知识,对影响湖泊生态系统结构、过程、功能的关键因子进行调控,提高湖泊生态系统服务供给水平和供给能力的过程。近年来国内外学者针对湖泊生态系统服务内涵、分类、经济价值评估等方面开展了大量研究,极大地促进了湖泊生态系统服务从认知走向管理实践。然而,现有研究在开展湖泊生态系统服务价值评估时多忽略生态系统服务受益者和生态系统特征对生态系统服务的边际影响分析,无法揭示生态系统服务空间流动和转移特征及生态系统服务时空权衡关系,制约了生态系统服务研究与管理决策和政策设计结合。在综述湖泊生态系统服务定量评估方法的基础上,认为通过生态系统服务受益者分析确定湖泊生态系统最终服务,并通过构建生态生产函数确定湖泊生态系统服务权衡关系及湖泊生态系统特征对生态系统最终服务的边际影响,是生态系统服务走向管理实践和政策设计的科学依据,可以确保生态、社会、经济可持续发展。

Wetland Economic Valuation Approaches and Prospects in China

Ecosystem services valuation seeks to increase the social relevance of ecosystem characteristics, the underlying biological mechanisms that support services, by making the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being explicit. Economic valuation can help management by clarifying the full range of benefits and costs of proposed management actions. In the past two decades, economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services has become one of the most significant scientific priorities for wetland protection. In this paper, we provide an overview of ecosystem services, and summarize the main interdisciplinary approaches to measure and value wetland ecosystem services. We identified four main methodological gaps preventing progress on wetland valuation of ecosystem services in China, which are: 1) confusion on terminology like intermediate and final ecosystem services, 2) lack of ecological production functions to link ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services, 3) static valuation making it difficult to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, and 4) lack of clear guidance on relating ecological compensation programs to conservation targets. Overcoming these gaps is important to inform wetland compensation mechanisms and conservation policies. We propose future research on wetland ecosystem services in China should be focused on: 1) defining final ecosystem services based on beneficiary preferences and underlying biophysical mechanisms, 2) establishing wetland monitoring programs at specific sites to collect data on final ecosystem service indicators and ecosystem characteristic metrics to create ecological production functions for economic valuation and rescaling techniques, and 3) incorporating wetland ecosystem service values into decision-making processes to inform wetland management.

湖泊湿地生态服务监测指标与监测方法

湖泊湿地生态系统为人类提供了维持生存发展的多种生态系统服务,是社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。然而,全国范围内的湖泊湿地资源被大量开发利用,极大地削弱了湖泊湿地提供生态系统服务的能力,人类自身福祉也受到严重威胁。开展湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态监测能减少生态系统服务重复计算、推动生态系统服务管理实践。本文在分析湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测必要性的基础上,探讨了湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测指标选取的原则和思路,并初步构建了适宜于我国湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态评估、权衡分析和生态生产函数构建的最终服务和生态特征监测指标体系。最终服务是与人类效益有直接关联的生态功能量,生态特征指标是产生生态系统最终服务的关键指标,主要包括生态结构、生态过程和生态功能指标。供给服务和文化服务一般是最终服务,而调节服务既可以是中间服务(生态功能)又可以是最终服务,支持服务是中间服务(生态过程)。针对调节服务和文化服务评估的困难性及调节服务的重复计算问题,本研究提出通过宏观监测(3S技术监测)和典型湖泊湿地定位监测相结合的多尺度湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测方法,构建湿地监测项目开展生态系统最终服务和生态特征指标数据监测。本研究对构建生态生产函数、开展湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态评估和权衡分析具有重要意义,是生态系统服务从认知走向管理实践的重要基础。