气候环境变化研究中影响粘土矿物形成及其丰度因素的讨论

粘土矿物在形成过程中受构造运动、气候、盆地规模、地表母岩、土壤、植被、地貌、介质环境、风以及成岩作用等多种因素的影响,这些因素对地层中粘土矿物的类型和含量的影响程度不一。构造运动和气候是影响粘土矿物形成的两个主要因素,对沉积物中的粘土矿物形成和含量以及影响粘土矿物形成的其他次要影响因素有着控制作用。在构造活动稳定的状态下,气候则成为影响粘土矿物形成和含量的决定性因素,其他因素尽管也有不同程度的影响,但可以看成是相对稳定不变的,粘土矿物携带的主要是气候环境变化的信息。地表水系的复杂程度引起的沉积物的混合程度影响粘土矿物信号的清晰度,沉积埋藏成岩作用对粘土矿物的影响也不容忽视。

粘土矿物在气候环境变化研究中的应用进展

在古环境和古气候的重建中,粘土矿物和碳-氧同位素、孢粉、树轮、冰芯等代用指标一样具有同等重要的地位。在没有地质构造运动影响时,气候是影响粘土矿物形成的主要因素,沉积物中的粘土矿物可用来分析古气候和古环境。粘土矿物及其组合可以独立或作为主要指标反映气候和环境变化,并已应用于高分辨率的晚第四纪地层的气候环境研究中。粘土矿物在很短的时间内也会发生明显地变化,不仅可以反映千年-百年尺度的气候环境变化,而且也可以反映几十年尺度的古气候环境变化过程。粘土矿物与其它指标对同一气候环境响应的相位差有待深入研究。不同的半定量分析方法测量出的同一剖面中粘土矿物的含量变化趋势和特征具有一致性。

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)方法在南海定量矿物学研究中的应用:以MD01-2393孔为例

傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)方法以其测量多种矿物绝对含量的能力在古环境研究中有很大的优势 .运用FTIR方法分析了南海南部湄公河口MD0 1 - 2 393孔的矿物成分含量 ,对比运用X射线衍射 (XRD)的半定量分析方法 ,研究了青藏高原东部和湄公河盆地晚第四纪 1 90ka以来风化剥蚀演化历史 .结果显示 ,全岩高岭石 /石英和粘土粒级 ( <2 μm)高岭石 /蒙脱石比率可用作陆源区风化侵蚀的矿物学标志 .晚第四纪 190ka以来 ,青藏高原东部和湄公河盆地机械侵蚀作用在冰期比间冰期强 ,化学风化作用在间冰期比冰期强 ,揭示出亚洲季风气候驱动的风化剥蚀演化历史 .全新世期间 ,虽然全岩高岭石 /石英与粘土粒级 ( <2 μm)蒙脱石 /高岭石比率指示相同趋势的风化剥蚀作用 ,但全岩高岭石 /石英比率显示更强的机械侵蚀能力 。

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.

Enhanced weathering input from South Asia to the Indian Ocean since the late Eocene

nhanced silicate weathering induced by the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau(HTP)has been considered as the major cause of pCO_(2) decline and Cenozoic cooling.However,this hypothesis remains to be validated,largely due to the lack of a reliable reconstruction of the HTP weathering flux.Here,we present a 37-million-year record of the difference in the seawater radiogenic neodymium isotopic composition(△ε_(Nd))of Ocean Drilling Program(ODP)sites and Fe-Mn crusts between the northern and central Indian Ocean,which indicates the contribution of regional weathering input from the South Asian continent to the Indian Ocean.The results show a long-term increase in △ε_(Nd) and thus provide the first critical evidence of enhanced South Asian weathering input since the late Eocene.The evolution coincided well with major pulses of surface uplift in the HTP and global climatic transitions.Our foraminiferal eNd record suggests that tectonic uplift and silicate weathering in South Asia,especially in the Himalayas,might have played a significant role in the late Cenozoic cooling.

南海西部越南岸外晚第四纪黏土矿物记录:物源分析与东亚季风演化

南海西部越南岸外MD05-2901孔晚第四纪450ka以来黏土矿物和氧同位素的高分辨率分析表明,伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石含量表现出明显的冰期-间冰期旋回变化,而蒙脱石含量呈现频率更高的周期性变化.物源分析表明,MD05-2901孔黏土矿物中的蒙脱石主要由巽他陆架及其主要源区印度尼西亚岛弧提供,伊利石和绿泥石主要由湄公河和红河提供,而高岭石则主要由珠江提供.高岭石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值的变化显示强烈的100ka偏心率周期,指示了冰盖驱动的冬季风演化;而蒙脱石含量的高频变化除了具有冰盖驱动的41ka斜率周期以外,还具有23和19ka岁差周期、以及13ka半岁差周期,指示了热带驱动的夏季风演化.东亚冬季风的演化基本上与冰期-间冰期旋回一致,冰期时强盛,间冰期时明显减弱;而夏季风的演化则与北半球低纬夏季日射量吻合较好,日射量高时强盛,低时减弱.研究认为,高纬冰盖和低纬热带分别驱动了晚第四纪东亚冬季风和夏季风的演化,反映了东亚季风演化的双重和独立的驱动机制.

马来半岛和婆罗洲北部的化学风化作用:来自河流表层沉积物的黏土矿物和元素地球化学记录

硅酸盐岩的风化产物通常可以有效地用于研究陆地表面发生的化学风化作用及其控制因素.选择位于东南亚热带地区的马来半岛和婆罗洲北部,通过分析其主要流域表层沉积物的黏土矿物和主要元素地球化学组成,开展热带地区化学风化及其控制因素的现代过程研究.结果显示,马来半岛的黏土矿物组合以高岭石(平均80%)为主,其次为伊利石(17%),基本不含绿泥石和蒙脱石;而婆罗洲北部则是以伊利石和绿泥石为主,两者之和在西北和东北婆罗洲平均分别为84%和87%,其次为高岭石(14%),不含蒙脱石.通过全岩和黏土粒级颗粒主要元素地球化学分析发现,这两个地区的化学风化作用都呈现强烈状态.相对而言,从东北婆罗洲、西北婆罗洲到马来半岛,化学风化强度依次持续加强,马来半岛已达到非常强烈的化学风化状态.研究认为,以马来半岛和婆罗洲为代表的东南亚热带地区,热带温暖如一的气温和东亚季风降雨等气候条件是控制化学风化作用的一级因素,形成遍布热带地区的强烈化学风化作用;构造活动和母岩性质是影响化学风化作用的次级因素,但仍然对风化产物的产生重要影响,形成马来半岛和婆罗洲完全不同的黏土矿物组合.

Late Quaternary clay minerals off Middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea: Implications for source analysis and East Asian monsoon evolution

High-resolution clay mineral records combined with oxygen isotopic stratigraphy over the past 450 ka during late Quaternary from Core MD05-2901 off Middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea are re-ported to reconstruct a history of East Asian monsoon evolution. Variations in Illite, chlorite, and kaolinite contents indicate a strong glacial-interglacial cyclicity, while changes in smectite content present a higher frequency cyclicity. The provenance analysis indicates a mixture of individual clay minerals from various sources surrounding the South China Sea. Smectite derived mainly from the Sunda shelf and its major source area of the Indonesian islands. Illite and chlorite originated mainly from the Mekong and Red rivers. Kaolinite was provided mainly by the Pearl River. Spectral analysis of the kaolin-ite/(illite+chlorite) ratio displays a strong eccentricity period of 100 ka, implying the ice sheet-forced win-ter monsoon evolution; whereas higher frequency changes in the smectite content show an ice sheet-forced obliquity period of 41 ka, and precession periods of 23 and 19 ka and a semi-precession period of 13 ka as well, implying the tropical-forced summer monsoon evolution. The winter monsoon evolution is generally in coherence with the glacial-interglacial cyclicity, with intensified winter monsoon winds during glacials and weakened winter monsoon winds during interglacials; whereas the summer monsoon evolution provides an almost linear response to the summer insolation of low latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, with strengthened summer monsoon during higher insolation and weakened summer monsoon during lower insolation. The result suggests that the high-latitude ice sheet and low-latitude tropical factor could drive the late Quaternary evolution of East Asian winter and summer monsoons, respectively, implying their diplex and self-contained forcing mechanism.

Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous pa- leoclimatic changes prevailing in continental source areas.As one of the most important rivers input- ting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea,the Pearl River was not previously paid at- tention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy.This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin(including all three main channels, various branches,and the Lingdingyang in the estuary)by using the X-ray diffraction(XRD)method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite(35%-65%), lesser abundance of chlorite(20%-35%)and illite(12%-42%),and very scare smectite occurrences (generally<5%).Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin.However,downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea,the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly:kaolinite decreases gradually,smectite and illite increase gradually.Additionally,illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up.These varia- tions indicate the contribution of major kaolinite,lesser illite and chlorite,and very scarce smectite to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin.The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72%to the northern margin and only 15%to the northern slope of the South China Sea.In both glacials and interglacials,kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.

Chemical weathering in Malay Peninsula and North Borneo:Clay mineralogy and element geochemistry of river surface sediments

Weathering products of silicate rocks are particularly useful for evaluating the continental chemical weathering on the Earth's surface and its mechanism.Clay mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of surface sediment samples collected in major rivers of Malay Peninsula and North Borneo in the tropical Southeast Asian region are used to study the present chemical weathering process and its controlling factors of tropical regions.The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage in Malay Peninsula consists dominantly of kaolinite(average 80%) and minor illite(average 17%),almost without chlorite and smectite,whereas in North Borneo it consists mainly of illite and chlorite,with minor amounts of kaolinite(average 14%) and no smectite.Total contents of illite and chlorite in both Northwest and Northeast Borneo are 84% and 87%,respectively.Major-element geochemical results of both bulk and clay-fraction sediments show intensive chemical weathering degree for both areas.Relatively,the chemical weathering degree is gradually strengthened from Northeast Borneo,Northwest Borneo,to Malay Peninsula,and it is extremely intensive in Malay Peninsula.Our results indicate that,in the tropical Southeast Asian region exampled by Malay Peninsula and Borneo,climatic condition of tropical warm temperature and East Asian monsoon rainfall is the first-order controlling factor on the chemical weathering,resulting in intensive chemical weathering throughout tropical areas,and tectonic activity and lithology of parent rocks are subordinate factors,which still have an important impact on the weathering products,forming completely different clay mineral assemblages between Malay Peninsula and Borneo.