Understanding development and ripening of fruit crops in an‘omics’ era

Next generation sequencing has revolutionized plant biology.Not only has our understanding of plant metabolism advanced using model systems and modern chromatography,but application of‘omics’-based technology has been widely extended to non-model systems as costs have plummeted and efficiency increased.As a result,important fundamental questions relating to important horticultural crops are being answered,and novel approaches with application to industry are in progress.Here we review recent research advances on development and ripening of fruit crops,how next generation sequencing approaches are driving this advance and the emerging future landscape.

Variations in zonal fruit starch concentrations of apples – a developmental phenomenon or an indication of ripening?

Patterns of starch hydrolysis in stem,equatorial,and calyx zones of‘Honeycrisp’and‘Empire’apples(Malus sylvestris(L.)Mill var.domestica(Borkh.)Mansf.)during maturation and ripening,and in‘Gala’apples in response to propylene or 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)treatments after harvest,were studied.Differences in zonal starch concentrations were found for‘Empire’and‘Gala’fruits,but not for‘Honeycrisp’.During maturation and ripening of‘Empire’,the concentration of starch was highest in the calyx end and lowest in the stem region.Differences in rates of starch hydrolysis among zones were not detected.‘Honeycrisp’and‘Empire’had the highest concentration of sorbitol in the calyx region,whereas it was highest in the stem-end region in‘Gala’.The distribution differences of glucose,fructose,and sucrose were similar in all three cultivars;higher fructose and glucose concentrations in the stem region,and higher sucrose concentrations in the calyx end of the fruit.Postharvest treatment of‘Gala’with propylene did not affect the internal ethylene concentration of the fruit but 1-MCP markedly inhibited it.Starch concentrations were highest in the calyx end but gradients of starch among zones were not changed by postharvest treatment.The rate of hydrolysis was slowed by 1-MCP treatment,but was unaffected by propylene.Postharvest treatments influenced sorbitol,glucose,and fructose concentrations.Patterns of starch concentration among the zones did not confirm differences in ripening,but reflected its uneven distribution throughout the fruit during development.Therefore,measured differences in zonal starch are most likely related to starch accumulation during fruit development,rather than differences in rates of starch degradation during ripening.