Persistent mixing bursts in the equatorial Pacific thermocline induced by persistent equatorial waves

A recent study by Liu et al.(2020)suggested that due to the saturation of equatorially trapped planetary waves with different dynamical types,temporal periods,meridional and baroclinic modes,complex layer structures of vertical velocity shear and hence turbulent mixing could frequently occur in the thermocline of the eastern equatorial Pacific.We investigated the occurrence of the interior turbulent mixing as indicated by shear instabilities,above the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC)core at three equatorial sites along 140°W,170°W,and 165°E,respectively,based mainly on data from the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean(TAO)mooring array.We found that turbulent mixing bursts persisted in the thermocline of all three sites.Specifically,the interior turbulent mixing layers(ITMLs)could occur in probability of approximately 68%,53%,and 48%at the three sites,respectively.The overall occurrence probability shows obvious and similar biannual variations at 140°W and 170°W,which is higher in boreal from late summer to winter and lower in spring.Vertically,the ITMLs are primarily located above the EUC core and prevail in deeper(shallower)layers from late summer to winter(spring).Most ITMLs(70%)lasted for hours to 3 days,and a few of them(15%)for more than 7 days.The thicknesses of ITMLs were concentrated between 15 and 55 m.At 165°E,the vertical distribution of ITML occurrence probability was different from that at 140°W and 170°W,as it did not show a preference for depths;the durations of ITMLs are short(also from hours to several days)and their thicknesses were between 5 and 25 m.These properties,particularly the high occurrence probability,and short durations demonstrated the persistence of thermocline mixing in the western to eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline and confirmed the generation mechanism by persistent equatorial waves as well.

Contrasts of bimodal tropical instability waves(TIWs)-induced wind stress perturbations in the Pacific Ocean among observations,ocean models,and coupled climate models

The coupling between wind stress perturbations and sea surface temperature(SST)perturbations induced by tropical instability waves(TIWs)in the Pacific Ocean has been revealed previously and proven crucial to both the atmosphere and ocean.However,an overlooked fact by previous studies is that the loosely defined“TIWs”actually consist of two modes,including the Yanai wave-based TIW on the equator(hereafter eTIW)and the Rossby wave-based TIW off the equator(hereafter vTIW).Hence,the individual feedbacks of the wind stress to the bimodal TIWs remain unexplored.In this study,individual coupling relationships are established for both eTIW and v TIW,including the relationship between the TIW-induced SST perturbations and two components of wind stress perturbations,and the relationship between the TIW-induced wind stress perturbation divergence(curl)and the downwind(crosswind)TIW-induced SST gradients.Results show that,due to different distributions of eTIW and vTIW,the coupling strength induced by the eTIW is stronger on the equator,and that by the vTIW is stronger off the equator.The results of any of eTIW and vTIW are higher than those of the loosely defined TIWs.We further investigated how well the coupling relationships remained in several widely recognized oceanic general circulation models and fully coupled climate models.However,the coupling relationships cannot be well represented in most numerical models.Finally,we confirmed that higher resolution usually corresponds to more accurate simulation.Therefore,the coupling models established in this study are complementary to previous research and can be used to refine the oceanic and coupled climate models.

Structural changes in pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the unaffected side of the sensorimotor cortex following transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct

Very little is known about the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses of the contralateral,unaffected sensorimotor cortex in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct.The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying improved motor function via transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training following cerebral infarction.Results showed that rehabilitation training or transcranial magnetic stimulation alone reduced neurological impairment in rats following cerebral infarction,as well as significantly increased synaptic curvatures and post-synaptic density in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex and narrowed the synapse cleft width.In addition,the percentage of perforated synapses increased.The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation resulted in significantly increased total dendritic length,dendritic branching points,and dendritic density in layer V pyramidal cells of the non-injured cerebral hemisphere motor cortex.These results demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training altered structural parameters of pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex,thereby improving the ability to compensate for neurological functions in rats following cerebral infarction.

Self-assembly 2D plasmonic nanorice film for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

As an ultrasensitive sensing technology,the application of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)is one interesting topic of nano-optics,which has huge application prospectives in plenty of research fields.In recent years,the bottleneck in SERS application could be the fabrication of SERS substrate with excellent enhancement.In this work,a two-dimensional(2D)Ag nanorice film is fabricated by self-assembly method as a SERS substrate.The collected SERS spectra of various molecules on this 2D plasmonic film demonstrate quantitative detection could be performed on this SERS substrate.The experiment data also demonstrate this 2D plasmonic film consisted of anisotropic nanostructures has no obvious SERS polarization dependence.The simulated electric field distribution points out the SERS enhancement comes from the surface plasmon coupling between nanorices.And the SERS signals is dominated by molecules adsorbed at different regions of nanorice surface at various wavelengths,which could be a good near IR SERS substrate for bioanalysis.Our work not only enlarges the surface plasmon properties of metal nanostructure,but also exhibits the good application prospect in SERS related fields.

The adjoint-based Two Oceans One Sea State Estimate(TOOSSE)

An eddy-resolving four-dimensional variational(adjoint)data assimilation and state estimate was constructed for the low-to mid-latitude Pacifi c,Indian Oceans,and South China Sea based on the framework of“Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Oceans(ECCO)”.It is named as the Two Oceans One Sea State Estimate(TOOSSE).It fi ts a model to a number of modern observations of 2015-2016,including the Argo fl oat temperature and salinity,satellite altimetric sea surface anomalies,by adjusting initial temperature and salinity,sea surface boundary conditions,and background diapycnal diff usivities.In total,~50%of the original model-data misfi ts have been eliminated,and the estimated state agreed well with a variety of independent observations at meso-to large scales,and on the intra-seasonal to interannual timescales.Mesoscale variability is systematically strengthened in TOOSSE and closer to observations than that without data assimilation,which is especially evidenced by the improved simulation of the mesoscale tropical instability waves(TIWs).Adjustments to ocean surface forcing parameters exhibit both large and frontal/mesoscale structures,and the magnitude reach 20%-100%of the fi rst guesses;the adjustments to diapycnal diff usivity exhibit an obvious elevation(decrement)in(below)the thermocline in the equatorial band.The results indicate that TOOSSE represents a dynamically and thermodynamically consistent ocean state estimate of the 2015-2016 Indo-Pacifi c Ocean,and can be widely utilized for regional process studies.

Downregulated miR-451a as a feature of the plasma cfRNA landscape reveals regulatory networks of IL-6/IL-6R-associated cytokine storms in COVID-19 patients

Rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is currently affecting the world.Specifically,cytokine storms are a key feature in a substantial num ber of COVID-19 patients,1 and studies from our group and others suggest that the IL-6/IL-6R cascade plays a dom inant role in symptom-correlated cytokine storms.