Seasonal Characteristics of Forecasting Uncertainties in Surface PM_(2.5)Concentration Associated with Forecast Lead Time over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Forecasting uncertainties among meteorological fields have long been recognized as the main limitation on the accuracy and predictability of air quality forecasts.However,the particular impact of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on air quality forecasts specific to different seasons is still not well known.In this study,a series of forecasts with different forecast lead times for January,April,July,and October of 2018 are conducted over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region and the impacts of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on surface PM_(2.5)concentration forecasts with each lead time are investigated.With increased lead time,the forecasted PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly change and demonstrate obvious seasonal variations.In general,the forecasting uncertainties in monthly mean surface PM_(2.5)concentrations in the BTH region due to lead time are the largest(80%)in spring,followed by autumn(~50%),summer(~40%),and winter(20%).In winter,the forecasting uncertainties in total surface PM_(2.5)mass due to lead time are mainly due to the uncertainties in PBL heights and hence the PBL mixing of anthropogenic primary particles.In spring,the forecasting uncertainties are mainly from the impacts of lead time on lower-tropospheric northwesterly winds,thereby further enhancing the condensation production of anthropogenic secondary particles by the long-range transport of natural dust.In summer,the forecasting uncertainties result mainly from the decrease in dry and wet deposition rates,which are associated with the reduction of near-surface wind speed and precipitation rate.In autumn,the forecasting uncertainties arise mainly from the change in the transport of remote natural dust and anthropogenic particles,which is associated with changes in the large-scale circulation.

Self-Assembled Porous-Reinforcement Microstructure-Based Flexible Triboelectric Patch for Remote Healthcare

Realizing real-time monitoring of physiological signals is vital for preventing and treating chronic diseases in elderly individuals. However,wearable sensors with low power consumption and high sensitivity to both weak physiological signals and large mechanical stimuli remain challenges.Here, a flexible triboelectric patch(FTEP) based on porous-reinforcement microstructures for remote health monitoring has been reported. The porousreinforcement microstructure is constructed by the self-assembly of silicone rubber adhering to the porous framework of the PU sponge. The mechanical properties of the FTEP can be regulated by the concentrations of silicone rubber dilution. For pressure sensing, its sensitivity can be effectively improved fivefold compared to the device with a solid dielectric layer, reaching 5.93 kPa^(-1) under a pressure range of 0–5 kPa. In addition, the FTEP has a wide detection range up to 50 kPa with a sensitivity of 0.21 kPa^(-1). The porous microstructure makes the FTEP ultra-sensitive to external pressure, and the reinforcements endow the device with a greater deformation limit in a wide detection range. Finally, a novel concept of the wearable Internet of Healthcare(Io H) system for real-time physiological signal monitoring has been proposed, which could provide real-time physiological information for ambulatory personalized healthcare monitoring.

神经源性膀胱患者使用自我管理微信小程序体验的质性研究

目的了解神经源性膀胱患者使用自我管理微信小程序的感知好处,并识别阻碍其使用的关键因素。方法采用质性研究设计,通过目的抽样选取深圳市2所三级甲等医院康复科住院并试用自我管理微信小程序2周的19例神经源性膀胱患者进行半结构化访谈,运用内容分析法进行资料分析。结果患者认为该自我管理程序是有帮助的,同时存在使用的障碍因素。3个感知益处包括:方便、灵活、直观;促进患者自我管理;为照护者和家庭成员提供指导。阻碍患者使用该程序的障碍因素包括:患者消极的膀胱自我管理态度和患者特征;对移动医疗风险的担忧;小程序升级的必要性。结论神经源性膀胱患者使用微信小程序进行自我管理是可行的,可以满足患者在住院期间和出院后获取信息的需求。研究发现的自我管理程序使用促进和障碍因素,为医疗机构实施移动医疗干预措施促进神经源性膀胱患者的自我管理提供了有价值的信息。

聚氯乙烯电活性凝胶材料研究进展

聚氯乙烯(PVC)凝胶是一种典型的电活性凝胶材料,与其他同类刺激响应材料相比,PVC凝胶可以在无水环境下工作,驱动电压中等且应变高、应力大、响应速度快,具有较好的发展潜力。文中从PVC凝胶材料的组成与制备工艺、变形机理、性能优化以及应用研究等方面入手,详细介绍了PVC凝胶材料的组成、制备方法及变形机理,并对相关掺杂工艺和方法进行了深入探讨,同时结合PVC凝胶的驱动特性,阐述其在辅助康复、触觉感知、微透镜等领域的研究应用进展,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。

Impacts of Topographic Complexity on Modeling Moisture Transport and Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer

The non-hydrostatic global variable resolution model(MPAS-atmosphere)is used to conduct the simulations for the South Asian Summer monsoon season(June,July,and August)in 2015 with a refinement over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)at the convection-permitting scale(4 km).Two experiments with different topographical datasets,complex(4-km)and smooth(60-km)topography,are designed to investigate the impacts of topographical complexity on moisture transport and precipitation.Compared with the observations and reanalysis data,the simulation can successfully capture the general features of key meteorological fields over the TP despite slightly underestimating the inflow through the southern TP.The results indicate that the complex topography can decrease the inward and outward moisture transport,ultimately increasing the total net moisture transport into the TP by~11%.The impacts of complex topography on precipitation are negligible over the TP,but the spatial distributions of precipitation over the Himalayas are significantly modulated.With the inclusion of complex topography,the sharper southern slopes of the Himalayas shift the lifted airflow and hence precipitation northward compared to the smooth topography.In addition,more small-scale valleys are resolved by the inclusion of complex topography,which serve as channels for moisture transport across the Himalayas,further favoring a northward shift of precipitation.Overall,the difference between the two experiments with different topography datasets is mainly attributed to their differing representation of the degree of the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the extent to which the valleys are resolved.

Comparing the precision of the pSOFA and SIRS scores in predicting sepsis-related deaths among hospitalized children:a multi-center retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND:The latest sepsis definition includes both infection and organ failure,as evidenced by the sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score.However,the applicability of the pediatric SOFA score(pSOFA)is not yet determined.This study evaluated the effectiveness of both pSOFA and system inflammatory reaction syndrome(SIRS)scores in predicting sepsis-related pediatric deaths.METHODS:This is a retrospective multi-center cohort study including hospitalized patients<18 years old with diagnosed or not-yet-diagnosed infections.Multivariate analyses were carried out to evaluate risk factors for in-hospital mortality.According to Youden index(YI),three sub-categories of pSOFA were screened out and a new simplified pSOFA score(spSOFA)was formed.The effectiveness and accuracy of prediction of pSOFA,SIRS and spSOFA was retrieved from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)and Delong’s test.RESULTS:A total of 1,092 participants were eligible for this study,and carried a 23.4%in-hospital mortality rate.The 24-h elevated pSOFA score(24 h-pSOFA),bloodstream infection,and mechanical ventilation(MV)requirement were major risk factors associated with sepsis-related deaths.The AUROC analysis confirmed that the spSOFA provided good predictive capability in sepsis-related pediatric deaths,relative to the 24 h-pSOFA and SIRS.CONCLUSIONS:The pSOFA score performed better than SIRS in diagnosing infected children with high mortality risk.However,it is both costly and cumbersome.We,therefore,proposed spSOFA to accurately predict patient outcome,without the disadvantages.Nevertheless,additional investigations,involving a large sample population,are warranted to confirm the conclusion of this study.

The role of ezrin-associated protein network in human sperm capacitation

Membrane modifications in sperm cells represent a key step in sperm capacitation; however, the molecular basis of these modifications is not fully understood. Ezrin is the best-studied member of the ezrin/radixin/merlin family. As a cross-linker between the cortical cytoskeleton and plasma membrane proteins, ezrin contributes to remodeling of the membrane surface structure. Furthermore, activated ezrin and the Rho dissociation inhibitor, RhoGDI, promote the formation of cortical cytoskeleton-polymerized actin through Rho activation. Thus, ezrin, actin, RhoGDI, Rho and plasma membrane proteins form a complicated network in vivo, which contributes to the assembly of the structure of the membrane surface. Previously, we showed that ezrin and RhoGDI1 are expressed in human testes. Thus, we sought to determine whether the ezrin-RhoGDIl-actin-membrane protein network has a role in human sperm capacitation. Our results by Western blot indicate that ezrin is activated by phosphorylation of the threonine567 residue during capacitation. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that, during sperm capacitation, the interaction between ezrin and RhoGDI1 increases, and phosphostaining of two dimensional electrophoresis gels showed that RhoGDI 1 is phosphorylated, suggesting that RhoGDI 1 dissociates from RhoA and leads to actin polymerization on the sperm head. We speculate that activated ezrin interacts with polymerized actin and the glycosylated membrane protein cd44 after capacitation. Blocking sperm capacitation using ezrin- or actin-specific monoclonal antibodies decreases their acrosome reaction （AR） rate, but has no effect on the AR alone. Taken together, our results show that a network consisting of ezrin, RhoGDI1, RhoA, F-actin and membrane proteins functions to influence the modifications that occur on the membrane of the sperm head during human sperm capacitation.

Intramural pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer:A case report

BACKGROUND Intramural pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy,which is diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.Management strategies vary depending on the site of the pregnancy,the gestational age and the desire to maintain fertility.The incidence of intramural pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology is higher than that in natural pregnancy.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of intramural pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and elective single embryo transfer following salpingectomy.The patient was completely asymptomatic and her serumβ-human chorionic gonadotropin level increased from 290 m IU/m L to 1759 m IU/m L.Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound indicated a heterogeneous echogenic mass arising from the uterine fundus which was surrounded by myometrium and a slender and extremely hypoechoic area stretching to the uterine cavity which was thought to be a fistulous tract.Therefore,we considered a diagnosis of intramural pregnancy and laparoscopic surgery was conducted at 7 wk gestation.CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and treatment of intramural pregnancy is significant for maintaining fertility.

Study of Lightning Damage Risk Assessment Method for Power Grid

Based on the idea of risk evaluation, the existing lightning damage risk assessment methods are reviewed and summarized in this paper. And the power grid lightning damage risk assessment system is established on the basis of lightning flashover risk evaluation methodology for transmission lines, and adopts the improved Analytic Hierarchy Process as the core algorithm. It can comprehensively evaluate the risk for transmission lines of regional grid, various sections of a line and each tower of the section, considering much more impact factors, including the running time of line, importance of grades, equipment damage, and the success rate of lightning stroke reclosing and so on. According to the calculation results of the risk assessment of the analytic hierarchy process and lightning flashover risk evaluation, the principles and methods of grade classification for power grid lightning damage risk map are studied, and give typical examples in the paper. It can describe the lightning withstanding ability much more scientifically and provide important references for the manage department of power system.

SAPS工艺中电流和电压对HfC涂层结构形貌的影响

采用SAPS法在包埋有SiC内涂层的C/C复合材料的表面制备了HfC抗烧蚀涂层;通过改变工艺过程中的电流和电压等参数,制备了不同的HfC涂层试样;结合XRD、SEM、声发射-载荷试验及共聚焦显微镜等表征手段,研究了在喷涂电流及电压变化时,制备出的HfC涂层结构、形貌的变化情况;通过氧乙炔火焰对不同涂层的烧蚀性能进行了测试,并研究了烧蚀后不同涂层形貌和结构的变化。结果表明,在喷涂电流为400 A、喷涂电压为130 V时制备的涂层综合性能最佳。

Understanding Third Pole Atmospheric Dynamics and Land Surface Processes and Their Associations with the Cryosphere,Air Quality,and Climate Change--Preface to the Special Issue on Third Pole Atmospheric Physics,Chemistry,and Hydrology

The Tibetan Plateau(TP),widely known as the Third Pole,is the highest and largest plateau on Earth.The TP not only plays an important role in influencing the atmospheric circulation,surface energy budget,ecology,weather,and climate but also acts as the Asian Water Tower by holding the largest ice mass outside the polar regions to supply fresh water to over 1.4 billion people downstream in Asia(Qin et al.,2006).The observed historical warming and projected future warming over the TP are much stronger than the corresponding global average(Wang et al.,2008).Glaciers on the TP have been retreating extensively in recent decades,driven by atmospheric warming and circulation changes associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere,light-absorbing particles(e.g.,black carbon,dust)on snow,and other factors(Duan et al.,2012;Qian et al.,2011;Zhao et al.,2020).In addition,due to the thermal and dynam-ical effects of the TP,as well as its proximity to the stratosphere,unique atmospheric boundary layer structures often develop over the TP and in the surrounding areas,which have important impacts on local weather,climate,and mixing and transport of atmospheric constituents(Zhao et al.,2020).The TP is considered a natural laboratory to study multi-sphere inter-actions.A systematic mechanistic understanding of the atmospheric chemical and microphysical processes,climate change,cryospheric variability,and the subsequent environmental impacts is particularly important in the context of the unpreceden-ted warming over the TP(Yao et al.,2019).

Efficacy of HA330-II column hemoadsorption in Epstein-Barr virusassociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis combined with liver failure:A case report

BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)is a severe and potentially deadly condition associated with extensive inflammation and immune activation.Cytokine adsorption may serve as a supportive treatment that can stabilize organ function in affected patients by reducing their circulating cytokines levels.To date,no descriptions of clinical experiences associated with the use of HA330-II column hemoadsorption for the treatment of children affected by HLH have been published.CASE SUMMARY We describe the case of an 11-year-old child with Epstein-Barr virus-associated HLH complicated by liver failure.She underwent HA330-II column hemoadsorption and chemotherapy and exhibited reductions in levels of inflammatory cytokines,including interleukin(IL),IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,and interferon-γ.The patient’s condition and laboratory parameters gradually improved with treatment.CONCLUSION Hemoadsorption may play an important role in cytokine storm elimination in children with HLH combined with liver failure and consequent multiple organ failure.

Salt-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth of high-quality ultrathin nickel oxide flakes for artificial synapses in image recognition applications

Transition metal oxides have attracted intense interest owing to their abundant physical and chemical properties.The controlled preparation of large-area,high-quality two-dimensional crystals is essential for revealing their inherent properties and realizing high-performance devices.However,fabricating two-dimensional(2D)transition metal oxides using a general approach still presents substantial challenges.Herein,we successfully achieve highly crystalline nickel oxide(NiO)flakes with a thickness as thin as 3.3 nm through the salt-assisted vapor-liquid-solid(VLS)growth method,which demonstrated exceptional stability under ambient conditions.To explore the great potential of the NiO crystal in this work,an artificial synapse based on the NiO-flake resistive switching(RS)layer is investigated.Short-term and long-term synaptic behaviors are obtained with external stimuli.The artificial synaptic performance provides the foundation of the neuromorphic application,including handwriting number recognition based on artificial neuron network(ANN)and the virtually unsupervised learning capability based on generative adversarial network(GAN).This pioneering work not only paves new paths for the synthesis of 2D oxides in the future but also demonstrates the substantial potential of oxides in the field of neuromorphic computing.

Microfluidic-Assisted Caenorhabditis elegans Sorting:Current Status and Future Prospects

Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)has been a popular model organism for several decades since its first discovery of the huge research potential for modeling human diseases and genetics.Sorting is an important means of providing stage-or age-synchronized worm populations for many worm-based bioassays.However,conventional manual techniques for C.elegans sorting are tedious and inefficient,and commercial complex object parametric analyzer and sorter is too expensive and bulky for most laboratories.Recently,the development of lab-on-a-chip(microfluidics)technology has greatly facilitated C.elegans studies where large numbers of synchronized worm populations are required and advances of new designs,mechanisms,and automation algorithms.Most previous reviews have focused on the development of microfluidic devices but lacked the summaries and discussion of the biological research demands of C.elegans,and are hard to read for worm researchers.We aim to comprehensively review the up-to-date microfluidic-assisted C.elegans sorting developments from several angles to suit different background researchers,i.e.,biologists and engineers.First,we highlighted the microfluidic C.elegans sorting devices'advantages and limitations compared to the conventional commercialized worm sorting tools.Second,to benefit the engineers,we reviewed the current devices from the perspectives of active or passive sorting,sorting strategies,target populations,and sorting criteria.Third,to benefit the biologists,we reviewed the contributions of sorting to biological research.We expect,by providing this comprehensive review,that each researcher from this multidisciplinary community can effectively find the needed information and,in turn,facilitate future research.

Synaptic transistor with multiple biological functions based on metal-organic frameworks combined with the LIF model of a spiking neural network to recognize temporal information

Spiking neural networks(SNNs)have immense potential due to their utilization of synaptic plasticity and ability to take advantage of temporal correlation and low power consumption.The leaky integration and firing(LIF)model and spike-timing-dependent plasticity(STDP)are the fundamental components of SNNs.Here,a neural device is first demonstrated by zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)as an essential part of the synaptic transistor to simulate SNNs.Significantly,three kinds of typical functions between neurons,the memory function achieved through the hippocampus,synaptic weight regulation and membrane potential triggered by ion migration,are effectively described through short-term memory/long-term memory(STM/LTM),long-term depression/long-term potentiation(LTD/LTP)and LIF,respectively.Furthermore,the update rule of iteration weight in the backpropagation based on the time interval between presynaptic and postsynaptic pulses is extracted and fitted from the STDP.In addition,the postsynaptic currents of the channel directly connect to the very large scale integration(VLSI)implementation of the LIF mode that can convert high-frequency information into spare pulses based on the threshold of membrane potential.The leaky integrator block,firing/detector block and frequency adaptation block instantaneously release the accumulated voltage to form pulses.Finally,we recode the steadystate visual evoked potentials(SSVEPs)belonging to the electroencephalogram(EEG)with filter characteristics of LIF.SNNs deeply fused by synaptic transistors are designed to recognize the 40 different frequencies of EEG and improve accuracy to 95.1%.This work represents an advanced contribution to brain-like chips and promotes the systematization and diversification of artificial intelligence.

An Overview of Mineral Dust Modeling over East Asia

East Asian dust（EAD） exerts considerable impacts on the energy balance and climate/climate change of the earth system through its influence on solar and terrestrial radiation, cloud properties, and precipitation efficiency. Providing an accurate description of the life cycle and climate effects of EAD is therefore critical to better understanding of climate change and socioeconomic development in East Asia and even worldwide. Dust modeling has undergone substantial development since the late 1990 s, associated with improved understanding of the role of EAD in the earth system. Here, we review the achievements and progress made in recent decades in terms of dust modeling research,including dust emissions, long-range transport, radiative forcing（RF）, and climate effects of dust particles over East Asia. Numerous efforts in dust/EAD modeling have been directed towards furnishing more sophisticated physical and chemical processes into the models on higher spatial resolutions. Meanwhile, more systematic observations and more advanced retrieval methods for instruments that address EAD related science issues have made it possible to evaluate model results and quantify the role of EAD in the earth system, and to further reduce the uncertainties in EAD simulations. Though much progress has been made, large discrepancies and knowledge gaps still exist among EAD simulations. The deficiencies and limitations that pertain to the performance of the EAD simulations referred to in the present study are also discussed.

Mode-localized accelerometer in the nonlinear Duffing regime with 75 ng bias instability and 95 ng/√Hz noise floor

Mode-localized sensors have attracted attention because of their high parametric sensitivity and first-order common-mode rejection to temperature drift.The high-fidelity detection of resonator amplitude is critical to determining the resolution of mode-localized sensors where the measured amplitude ratio in a system of coupled resonators represents the output metric.Operation at specific bifurcation points in a nonlinear regime can potentially improve the amplitude bias stability;however,the amplitude ratio scale factor to the input measurand in a nonlinear regime has not been fully investigated.This paper theoretically and experimentally elucidates the operation of mode-localized sensors with respect to stiffness perturbations(or an external acceleration field)in a nonlinear Duffing regime.The operation of a mode-localized accelerometer is optimized with the benefit of the insights gained from theoretical analysis with operation in the nonlinear regime close to the top critical bifurcation point.The phase portraits of the amplitudes of the two resonators under different drive forces are recorded to support the experimentally observed improvements for velocity random walk.Employing temperature control to suppress the phase and amplitude variations induced by the temperature drift,1/f noise at the operation frequency is significantly reduced.A prototype accelerometer device demonstrates a noise floor of 95 ng/√Hz and a bias instability of 75 ng,establishing a new benchmark for accelerometers employing vibration mode localization as a sensing paradigm.A mode-localized accelerometer is first employed to record microseismic noise in a university laboratory environment.

Study on lightning risk assessment and early warning for UHV DC transmission channel

Operation data show lightning faults account for>70%for the main ultra-high voltage(UHV)DC transmission channels,very different from the design view.In order to accurately master the lightning characteristics and the lightning protection performance of the line so as to propose solutions to weak points,this study firstly obtains and analyses the density and strength distributions of lightning risk source.Then the study proposes a set of risk assessment process where the key model electrogeometric model is improved according to the polarity effect of DC line.Then the work realises the calculation of the lightning shielding failure risk of single tower and whole line.The example shows the assessment result is consistent to the line's actual operation.Next,to further evaluate and predict the lightning risk in real time,the study adopts the backpropagation neural network algorithm to integrate the lightning detection data,atmospheric electric fields,and radar echoes to develop the early warning model of lightning risk source,and proposed a method to realise the early warning of lightning damage risk for UHV DC channels.The results show that the effective warning ratio is 73%and the failure-to-warn ratio is 27%which indicates very good application effects.

Relationship between Extreme Precipitation and Temperature in Two Different Regions:The Tibetan Plateau and Middle–East China

The change of extreme precipitation with temperature has regional characteristics in the context of global warming.In this study, radiosonde data, co-located rain gauge(RG) observations, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar(PR) products are used to explore the relationship between extreme precipitation intensity and near-surface temperature in Middle–East China(MEC) and the eastern Tibetan Plateau(TP) during1998–2012. The results show that extreme precipitation intensity increases with increasing temperature at an approximate Clausius–Clapeyron(C–C) rate(i.e., water vapor increases by 7% as temperature increases by 1°C based on the C–C equation) in MEC and TP, but the rate of increase is larger in TP than in MEC. This is probably because TP(MEC) is featured with deep convective(stratiform) precipitation, which releases more(less) latent heat and strengthens the convection intensity on a shorter(longer) timescale. It is also found that when temperature is higher than 25°C(15°C) in MEC(TP), the extreme precipitation intensity decreases with rise of temperature, suggesting that the precipitation intensity does not always increase with warming. In this case, the limited atmospheric humidity and precipitable water could be the primary factors for the decrease in extreme precipitation intensity at higher temperatures.

Establishing a non-hydrostatic global atmospheric modeling system at3-km horizontal resolution with aerosol feedbacks on the Sunway supercomputer of China

During the era of global warming and highly urbanized development,extreme and high impact weather as well as air pollution incidents influence everyday life and might even cause the incalculable loss of life and property.Despite the vast development of atmospheric models,there still exist substantial numerical forecast biases objectively.To accurately predict extreme weather,severe air pollution,and abrupt climate change,numerical atmospheric model requires not only to simulate meteorology and atmospheric compositions simultaneously involving many sophisticated physical and chemical processes but also at high spatiotemporal resolution.Global integrated atmospheric simulation at spatial resolutions of a few kilometers remains challenging due to its intensive computational and input/output(I/O)requirement.Through multi-dimension-parallelism structuring,aggressive and finer-grained optimizing,manual vectorizing,and parallelized I/O fragmenting,an integrated Atmospheric Model Across Scales(iAMAS)was established on the new Sunway supercomputer platform to significantly increase the computational efficiency and reduce the I/O cost.The global 3-km atmospheric simulation for meteorology with online integrated aerosol feedbacks with iAMAS was scaled to 39,000,000 processor cores and achieved the speed of 0.82 simulation day per hour(SDPH)with routine I/O,which enabled us to perform 5-day global weather forecast at 3-km horizontal resolution with online natural aerosol impacts.The results demonstrate the promising future that the increasing of spatial resolution to a few kilometers with online integrated aerosol feedbacks may significantly improve the global weather forecast.