Phylogenetic placement of Cynomorium in Rosales inferred from sequences of the inverted repeat region of the chloroplast genome

Cynomorium is a herbaceous holoparasite that has been placed in Santalales, Saxifragales, Myrtales, or Sapindales. The inverted repeat （IR） region of the chloroplast genome region is slow evolving and, unlike mitochondrial genes, the chloroplast genome experiences few horizontal gene transfers between the host and parasite. Thus, in the present study, we used sequences of the IR region to test the phylogenetic placements of Cynomorium. Phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast IR sequences generated largely congruent ordinal relationships with those from previous studies of angiosperm phylogeny based on single or multiple genes. Santalales was closely related to Caryophyllales and asterids. Saxifragales formed a clade where Peridiscus was sister to the remainder of the order, whereas Paeonia was sister to the woody clade of Saxifragales. Cynomorium is not closely related to Santalales, Saxifragales, Myrtales, or Sapindales; instead, it is included in Rosales and sister to Rosaceae. The various placements of the holoparasite on the basis of different regions of the mitochondrial genome may indicate the heterogeneous nature of the genome in the parasite. However, it is unlikely that the placement of Cynomorium in Rosales is the result of chloroplast gene transfer because Cynomorium does not parasitize on rosaceous plants and there is no chloroplast gene transfer between Cynomorium and Nitraria, a confirmed host of Cynomorium and a member of Sapindales.

A novel zebrafish vascular injury model for asseessing drug efficancy of Yangxue Qingnao granules

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficancy of Yangxue Qingnao granules on simvastatininduced vascular injury model in zebrafish.METHODS Since statins can inhibit vascular development in zebrafish,in this study,we developed a novel animal model using 1 to 3 day post-fertilization larval zebrafish by optimizing the doses and duration of simvastatin exposure.Five pro-angiogenic drugs with a variety of mechanisms were tested to validate the newly developed zebrafish model.Zebrafish was treated with different concentration of Yangxue Qingnao granules(62.5,125 and 250 μg·mL-1) for 2 d then tested for the area of subintestinal vein vessels.RESULTS Vascular regeneration promoting effect of five pro-angiogenic drugs(calycosin,astragaloside,chlorogenic acid,ferulic acid and Panax Notoginseng Saponins) were 8-48%,24-51%,35-58%,28-75% and 37-69%,respectively.In 62.5,125 and 250 μg·mL-1 Yangxue Qingnao granules group,vascular regeneration promoting effect were 21%(P>0.05),84%(P<0.01) and 53%(P<0.01).CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the zebrafish vascular injury model validated in this study could be used for in vivo angiogenesis studies and drug screening and for assessing pro-angiogenic drugs with different mechanisms.Yangxue Qingnao granules could promote the vascular regeneration in zebrafish.

使用斑马鱼模型比较山豆根不同有效部位的毒性(英文)

目的:利用斑马鱼模型评价和比较山豆根不同提取方法提取的有效部位的体内毒性。创新点:首次在斑马鱼模型中证明山豆根提取方法不同,有效部位的毒性有明显差异。研究结果有助于指导山豆根的新药开发与临床应用。方法:用五种不同的溶剂(去碱水、乙醇、正丁基乙醇、二氯甲烷和乙醚)提取山豆根,然后通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测有效部位,将AB品系斑马鱼分为对照组(养鱼水处理)和实验组(山豆根提取物)。实验组根据采用的提取溶剂不同,分为以下六组:去碱水提取组、乙醇沉提取组、正丁基乙醇提取组、二氯甲烷提取组和乙醚提取组以及山豆根总组分组(对照),观察各种山豆根提取物对斑马鱼的急性毒性与毒性靶器官。结论:山豆根乙醚提取组诱发斑马鱼心血管毒性(图1);山豆根去碱水提取组、乙醇沉提取组以及山豆根总组分组诱发斑马鱼肝脏毒性(图3和图4);而山豆根正丁基乙醇提取组和二氯甲烷提取组诱发斑马鱼心血管毒性(图1和图2)和肝脏毒性(图3和图4)。