Clinical manifestation,lifestyle,and treatment patterns of chronic erosive gastritis:A multicenter real-world study in China

BACKGROUND Although chronic erosive gastritis(CEG)is common,its clinical characteristics have not been fully elucidated.The lack of consensus regarding its treatment has resulted in varied treatment regimens.AIM To explore the clinical characteristics,treatment patterns,and short-term outcomes in CEG patients in China.METHODS We recruited patients with chronic non-atrophic or mild-to-moderate atrophic gastritis with erosion based on endoscopy and pathology.Patients and treating physicians completed a questionnaire regarding history,endoscopic findings,and treatment plans as well as a follow-up questionnaire to investigate changes in symptoms after 4 wk of treatment.RESULTS Three thousand five hundred sixty-three patients from 42 centers across 24 cities in China were included.Epigastric pain(68.0%),abdominal distension(62.6%),and postprandial fullness(47.5%)were the most common presenting symptoms.Gastritis was classified as chronic non-atrophic in 69.9%of patients.Among those with erosive lesions,72.1%of patients had lesions in the antrum,51.0%had multiple lesions,and 67.3%had superficial flat lesions.In patients with epigastric pain,the combination of a mucosal protective agent(MPA)and proton pump inhibitor was more effective.For those with postprandial fullness,acid regurgitation,early satiety,or nausea,a MPA appeared more promising.CONCLUSION CEG is a multifactorial disease which is common in Asian patients and has non-specific symptoms.Gastroscopy may play a major role in its detection and diagnosis.Treatment should be individualized based on symptom profile.

Quantum synchronization with correlated baths

We study quantum synchronization under the nonequilibrium reservoirs.We consider a two-qubit XXZ chain coupled independently to their own reservoirs modeled by the collisional model.Two reservoir particles,initially prepared in a thermal state or a state with coherence,are correlated through a unitary transformation and afterward interact locally with the two quantum subsystems.We study the quantum effect of reservoir on synchronous dynamics of system.By preparing different reservoir initial states or manipulating the reservoir particles coupling and the temperature gradient,we find that quantum entanglement of reservoir is the key to control quantum synchronization of system qubits.

Causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and cataract development:A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Vitamin deficiencies are linked to various eye diseases,and the influence of vitamin D on cataract formation has been noted in prior research.However,detailed investigations into the causal relationship between 25-(OH)D status and cataract development remain scarce.AIM To explore a possible causal link between cataracts and vitamin D.METHODS In this study,we explored the causal link between 25-(OH)D levels and cataract development using Mendelian randomization.Our analytical approach included inverse-variance weighting(IVW),MR-Egger,weighted median,simple mode,and weighted mode methods.The primary analyses utilized IVW with random effects,supplemented by sensitivity and heterogeneity tests using both IVW and MR-Egger.MR-Egger was also applied for pleiotropy testing.Additionally,a leave-one-out analysis helped identify potentially impactful single-nucleotide polymorphisms.RESULTS The analysis revealed a positive association between 25-(OH)D levels and the risk of developing cataracts(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.00-1.22;P=0.032).The heterogeneity test revealed that our IVW analysis exhibited minimal heterogeneity(P>0.05),and the pleiotropy test findings confirmed the absence of pleiotropy within our IVW analysis(P>0.05).Furthermore,a search of the human genotype-phenotype association database failed to identify any potentially relevant risk-factor single nucleotide polymorphisms.CONCLUSION There is a potential causal link between 25-(OH)D levels and the development of cataracts,suggesting that greater 25-(OH)D levels may be a contributing risk factor for cataract formation.Further experimental research is required to confirm these findings.

lncRNA H19靶向miR-30a-5p对雨蛙肽诱导的急性胰腺炎细胞凋亡、炎症因子分泌和自噬的影响

背景 本研究旨在探究影响急性胰腺炎进程的潜在分子机制.通过功能缺失实验分析H19敲低对细胞功能的影响.并通过生物信息学预测以及实验验证确定H19与miR-30a-5p的互作关系.我们推测H19可能通过靶向miR-30a-5p来促进急性胰腺炎进程.目的 研究lnc RNA H19靶向miR-30a-5p对雨蛙肽诱导的急性胰腺炎细胞凋亡、炎症因子分泌和自噬的影响.方法 培养人胰腺AR42J细胞,雨蛙肽诱导建立胰腺损伤细胞模型.将实验分为雨蛙肽+si-NC组、雨蛙肽+si-H19组、雨蛙肽+miR-NC组、雨蛙肽+miR-30a-5p组、雨蛙肽+si-H19+anti-miR-NC组、雨蛙肽+si-H19+anti-miR-30a-5p组.实时荧光定量PCR(RTqPCR)检测细胞中H19和m i R-30a-5p表达水平;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;酶联免疫吸附实验检测细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)水平;蛋白质印迹(Western blot)法检测细胞自噬相关的微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associatedprotein1lightchain3,LC3)-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达.双荧光素酶实验检测细胞中H19和miR-30a-5p靶向结合关系.结果 与正常胰腺细胞比较,雨蛙肽诱导损伤的胰腺炎细胞中H19表达水平显著升高, miR-30a-5p表达水平显著降低(P<0.05).与雨蛙肽+si-NC组比较,雨蛙肽+siH19组H19表达水平显著降低;细胞存活率显著升高;TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平显著降低;LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达显著降低、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05).与雨蛙肽+miR-NC组比较,雨蛙肽+miR-30a-5p组miR-30a-5p表达水平显著升高;细胞存活率显著升高;TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平显著降低;LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达显著降低、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05).与雨蛙肽+si-H19+anti-miR-NC比较,雨蛙肽+si-H19+antimiR-30a-5p组miR-30a-5p表达显著降低;细胞存活率显著降低;TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平显著升高;LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达显著升高、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05).结论 下调H19通过靶向miR-30a-5p来抑制雨蛙肽诱导的急性胰腺炎细胞凋亡、炎症因子分泌和自噬.

Effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis:A meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched Pub Med (1966 to October 2013), Embase (1984 to October 2013) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; Issue 4, 2013) for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying the effectiveness of prophylactic NSAID administration in the prevention of PEP. Using the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the overall effect of NSAIDs in preventing the incidences of PEP and moderate to severe pancreatitis. RESULTS: Eight RCTs were identified from the literature search and included 1883 patients that underwent ERCP, with 971 patients in the NSAID group and 912 patients in the placebo group. Sixty-nine out of 971 (7.11%) patients developed PEP in the NSAID group in comparison to 143 out of 912 (15.68%) patients in the placebo group. The pooled RR of PEP incidence with prophylactic NSAID administration was 0.43 (95%CI: 0.33-0.56), which demonstrates that NSAID administration after ERCP significantly reduced the incidence of PEP when compared to the placebo group (P < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis was performed and revealed that the presence (NSAID group) or absence (placebo group) of NSAIDs had no significant effect on the development of moderate to severe pancreatitis (RR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.52-1.18). Moreover, the administration of NSAIDs as a rectal suppository (RR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.26-0.48; P < 0.0001) was more effective than oral administration (RR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.53-1.80) or through infusion (RR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.12-1.54). CONCLUSION: NSAIDs effectively reduce the incidence of PEP but not of moderate to severe pancreatitis. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Detection of Nitric Oxide with Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy at 5.33μm

We report the development of a static magnetic eld Faraday rotation spectrometer for NO detection.A 5.33μm continuous-wave quantum cascade laser was used as the probing laser.Line absorption at 1875.81 cm^−1(2Π3=2Q(3/2),v=1←0)was chosen for the detection.By using a Chernin type multipass cell,a detection precision of 1.15 ppbv(1σ,1s)was achieved with an absorption pathlength of 108 m.This value was reduced to 0.43 ppbv by increasing the data-acquisition time to 15 s.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion of macaques triggers a strong innate immune response

AIM: To investigate inflammatory injury in the intestinal mucosa after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immunity. METHODS: Ten macaques were randomized into control and IIR groups. The distribution and expression level of TLR2, TLR4, MD2, nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B p65 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were measured by immunohistochemical stain and western blotting. The mRNA expression of TLR4, TLR2, MD2, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The cytokine levels in blood and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Obvious hemorrhage and erosion of mucosae were seen in the IIR group. Expression of TLR2, TLR4, MD2, NF-kappa B p65 and IFN-gamma. was significantly higher in the IIR group than in the control group (0.13 +/- 0.04, 0.22 +/- 0.04, 0.16 +/- 0.06, 0.65 +/- 0.12, 0.38 +/- 0.10 vs 0.07 +/- 0.04, 0.08 +/- 0.03, 0.04 +/- 0.02, 0.19 +/- 0.06, 0.14 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MD2, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNA in the IIR group were significantly higher than those of control group(1.52 +/- 0.15, 1.39 +/- 0.06, 1.94 +/- 0.12, 1.48 +/- 0.15, 0.66 +/- 0.08 vs 0.31 +/- 0.05, 0.5 +/- 0.04, 0.77 +/- 0.05, 0.35 +/- 0.08, 0.18 +/- 0.04, P < 0.05). Furthermore, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in the macaques ileum and plasma were significantly higher than in the control group (plasma: 86.3 +/- 15.2, 1129 +/- 248.3, 77.8 +/- 16.2 vs 29.5 +/- 7.3, 19.8 +/- 8.2, 5.6 +/- 1.7; ileum: 273.4. +/- 44.7, 1636 +/- 168.0, 205.5 +/- 30.7 vs 76.8 +/- 20.5, 663.4 +/- 186.9, 49.0 +/- 9.4; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After IIR, general inflammatory injury in the intestinal mucosa is correlated with a strong innate immune response, mediated by activation of the TLR-NF-kappa B-cytokine pathway. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

A scanning distortion correction method based on Ⅹ-Y galvanometer Lidar system

Aiming at the problem of scanning distortion in X-Y galvanometer light detecting and ranging(Lidar) scanning system,we propose a method of image scanning distortion correction with controllable driving voltage compensation.Firstly,the geometrical optics vectors model is established to explain the principle of pincushion distortion in the galvanometer scanning system,and the simulation result of scanning trajectory is consistent with experiments.The linear relationship between the driving voltage and the scanning angle of the galvanometer is verified.Secondly,the relationship between the deflection angle of the galvanometer and the scanning trajectory and the driving voltage is deduced respectively,and an image scanning correction algorithm with controllable driving voltage compensation is obtained.The simulation experiment results of the proposed method show that the root-mean-square error(RMSE) and the corresponding curve between the scan value and the actual value at different distances,have a good correction effect for the pincushion distortion.Finally,the X-Y galvanometer scanning Lidar system is established to obtain undistorted two-dimensional scanned image and it can be applied to the three-dimensional Lidar scanning system in the actual experiments,which further demonstrates the feasibility and practicability of our method.

Dynamic measurement of beam divergence angle of different fields of view of scanning lidar

The laser beam divergence angle is one of the important parameters to evaluate the quality of the laser beam.It can not only accurately indicate the nature of the beam divergence when the laser beam is transmitted over a long distance,but also objectively evaluate the performance of the laser system.At present,lidar has received a lot of attention as a core component of environment awareness technology.Micro-electromechanical system(MEMS)micromirror has become the first choice for three-dimensional imaging lidar because of its small size and fast scanning speed.However,due to the small size of the MEMS micromirror,the lidar scanning system has a small field of view(FOV).In order to achieve a wide range of scanning imaging,collimating optical system and wide-angle optical system are generally added to the system.However,due to the inherent properties of the optical lens,it is impossible to perfect the imaging,so the effects of collimating and expanding the beam will be different at different angles.This article aims to propose a measurement system that dynamically measures the divergence angles of MEMS scanning lidar beams in different fields of view to objectively evaluate the performances of scanning lidar systems.

Effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention on immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective: To study the effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention on immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, UC group and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii group, the latter two groups were made into UC models by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema and F. prausnitzii group were given intragastric administration of F. prausnitzii solution for intervention. The differences in immune response, intestinal flora, and intestinal mucosal barrier were compared among the three groups after 7 days of intervention. Results: The interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) contents in serum, the fork head box P3 (Foxp3), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus in feces of the UC group were significantly lower than those of the control group whereas the interleukin-17 (IL-17), diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-LA) contents in serum, the retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of enterobacter and enterococcus in feces were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05);IL-10 and TGF-β1 contents in serum, Foxp3, ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus in feces of the F. prausnitzii group were significantly higher than those of the UC group whereas IL-17, DAO and D-LA contents in serum, RORγt expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of enterobacter and enterococcus in feces were significantly lower than those of the UC group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention can improve the Th17/Treg immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier in UC mice.

Design of three-dimensional imaging lidar optical system for large field of view scanning

Three-dimensional(3D)lidar has been widely used in various fields.The MEMS scanning system is one of its most important components,while the limitation of scanning angle is the main obstacle to improve the demerit for its application in various fields.In this paper,a folded large field of view scanning optical system is proposed.The structure and parameters of the system are determined by theoretical derivation of ray tracing.The optical design software Zemax is used to design the system.After optimization,the final structure performs well in collimation and beam expansion.The results show that the scan angle can be expanded from±5°to±26.5°,and finally the parallel light scanning is realized.The spot diagram at a distance of 100 mm from the exit surface shows that the maximum radius of the spot is 0.506 mm with a uniformly distributed spot.The maximum radius of the spot at 100 m is 19 cm,and the diffusion angle is less than 2 mrad.The energy concentration in the spot range is greater than 90%with a high system energy concentration,and the parallelism is good.This design overcomes the shortcoming of the small mechanical scanning angle of the MEMS lidar,and has good performance in collimation and beam expansion.It provides a design method for large-scale application of MEMS lidar.

Hongjin Xiaojie Capsule,a Chinese patent medicine,for treating moderate to severe cyclical breast pain:A single-blind randomized controlled trial

Background Moderate to severe breast pain has major effects on the quality of life for patients.Patent Chinese medicines are widely used in the treatment of breast pain due to their stable dosage form and good efficacy.Objective To evaluate the beneficial effects and safety of Hongjin Xiaojie Capsule(HJXJC),a Chinese patent medicine,for the treatment of cyclical breast pain.Design,setting,participants and intervention This is a multicenter,single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in 3 medical centers in China from 2019 to 2021.Patients with moderate to severe cyclic breast pain were randomly divided into the intervention group(who took HJXJC,four capsules per dose,three times a day for 12 weeks)and the control group(waiting for the treatment)in a 1:1 ratio.Main outcome measures The primary outcome was pain duration,and the patients recorded measurements at baseline and at the end of weeks 4,8,12 and 16 on a patient log card.Results The full analysis set(FAS)population included 298 participants(intervention group,n=150;control group,n=148),while the per-protocol analysis set(PPS)included 274 participants.After 12 weeks,the duration of breast pain was significantly shorter in the intervention group(FAS:mean difference,–6.69;95%CI,–7.58 to–5.80;P<0.01,vs control.PPS:mean difference,–7.09;95%CI,–8.01 to–6.16;P<0.01,vs control).The Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire(SF-MPQ)scores were significantly lower in the intervention group(FAS:mean difference,–12.55;95%CI,–13.90 to–11.21;P<0.01,vs control.PPS:mean difference,–13.07;95%CI,–14.48 to–11.66;P<0.01,vs control).The above indicators continued to be significantly different through week 16.Moreover,in the intervention group,breast lumps shrank after 12 weeks and the size of breast lumps was statistically smaller than that in the control group(P<0.05),whereas the sizes of breast nodules and uterine fibroid showed no statistically significant difference compared with the control group(P>0.05).At weeks 8 and 12,the dysmenorrhea scores in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).No obvious adverse reactions were observed in any group.Conclusion HJXJC can significantly shorten the duration of breast pain,reduce breast pain,reduce the size of breast lumps,and relieve dysmenorrhea.However,it has no significant effect on the size of breast nodules or uterine fibroid.

Quasi-two-dimensional bismuth oxychalcogenide nanoflakes as novel anode for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium-ion batteries(PlBs)are considered as the promising alternative of lithium-ion batteries,due to their abundance natural resources,high cost-effectiveness,and similar working principle.With the development of PIBs,due to the larger ionic radius of potassium compared to that of lithium,the urgent demand of suitable anode materials with steady structure and fast carrier diffusion is of primary importance.

Design and derivation of the dual transponder carrier ranging system

The accuracy of microwave ranging is mainly limited by the frequency instability of the oscillator that generates the carrier phase signal. A dual transponder carrier ranging method is used to minimize the oscillator noise by combining the reference and the to-and-fro measurements. This ranging approach together with pseudo-noise ranging or other means can be used to measure the inter-satellite distance with a high precision. The pseudo-noise ranging system or other ranging systems help to solve the integer circles while the dual transponder ranging system guarantees the accurate fractional circle. The two satellites work in the master-slave mode. The range measurements are derived on the master satellite while the slave satellite just coherently transfers the received signal, so that the dual transponder ranging system does not need to rely on the time tagging system to synchronize the two satellites. This study first describes the dual transponder carrier ranging system and shows how the system removes most of the oscillator noise components effectively. Then, a detailed design scheme on the frequency planning of the ranging system is presented and the supporting analysis illustrates the feasibility of this system. Based on the design innovation, a laboratory demonstration system is assembled to verify the realizability of the dual transponder ranging system. The experimental results demonstrate that a high level of accuracy (about 30 μm under laboratory circumstance) can be achieved by the use of the proposed dual transponder carrier ranging system.

A COVID-19 case report from asymptomatic contact:implication for contact isolation and incubation management

Background:As of 2 March,2020,at least 80151 coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases were reported in China.Most of the patients had a history of visiting Hubei Province or contacting with people who had ever stayed in or passed by Hubei Province or were exposed to symptoms.Some patients got infected through only asymptomatic contact.This study aimed to report the epidemic features and lab identification of a patient confirmed with COVID-19 infection through only asymptomatic contact.Case presentation:A 44-year-old man,who lived in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province,China until 6 March 2020,suffered from cough on 27 January 2020.Fever symptoms appeared on 28 January,with a maximum temperature of 38.8℃,accompanied by cough,sore throat,headache,fatigue,muscle ache,joint ache,and other symptoms.The symptoms continued until he was hospitalized on 30 January.Coronavirus conventional polymerase chain reaction assay was positive for the throat swab sample.The patient,along with his wife and son,drove from Nanchang to back to Honghu City,Hubei Province,on 23 January 2020.After staying with his parents and brother’s family for 3 days,the patient drove back to Nanchang and arrived on 25 January.On the way back home,they stopped by Tongshan service area,Hubei Province,without any close contact with other people.After arriving home in Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province,none of them left their residence.In addition,his parents stayed at home for 20 days with his younger brother’s family before they got back.His younger brother and one of his brother’s children visited Wuhan on 5 January and came home on 6 January 2020.Conclusions:This report suggested that,in the early phase of COVID-19 pneumonia,routine screening could miss patients who were virus carriers.Highlighting travel history is of paramount importance for the early detection and isolation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cases.

Activity Diagram Synthesis Using Labelled Graphs and the Genetic Algorithm

Many applications need to meet diverse requirements of a large-scale distributed user group.That challenges the current requirements engineering techniques.Crowd-based requirements engineering was proposed as an umbrella term for dealing with the requirements development in the context of the large-scale user group.However,there are still many issues.Among others,a key issue is how to merge these requirements to produce the synthesized requirements description when a set of requirements descriptions from different participants are received.Appropriate techniques are needed for supporting the requirements synthesis.Diagrams are widely used in industry to represent requirements.This paper chooses the activity diagrams and proposes a novel approach for the activity diagram synthesis which adopts the genetic algorithm to repeatedly modify a population of individual solutions toward an optimal solution.As a result,it can automatically generate a resulting diagram which combines the commonalities as many as possible while leveraging the variabilities of a set of input diagrams.The approach is featured by:1)the labelled graph proposed as the representation of the candidate solutions during the iterative evolution;2)the generalized entropy proposed and defined as the measurement of the solutions;3)the genetic algorithm designed for sorting out the high-quality solution.Four cases of different scales are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach.The experimental results show that not only the approach gets high precision and recall but also the resulting diagram satisfies the properties of minimization and information preservation and can support the requirements traceability.

Expression and clinical significance of calcitonin receptor stimulating peptide-3(CRSP-3) in placenta tissue of preeclampsia patients

Objective To study clinical significance and the difference of calcitonin receptor stimulating peptide-3 （CRSP-3） expression in placenta tissue between normal preg- nancies and patients with preeclampsia. Methods CRSP-3 expression position in placenta tissues of 50 cases with preeclampsia （preeclampsia group： 25 cases of mild preeclampsia and 25 cases of severe preeclampsia） and 30 cases of normal late pregnancy （control group） was detected using immunohistochemical methods. CRSP-3 mRNA and protein expression in placenta tissues was detected using Real-time PCR and Western blotting method. Results Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells expressed CRSP-3 in placenta tissue of preeclampsia and normal pregnancy patients. The expression levels of CRSP- 3 mRNA and protein in placenta tissue ofpreeclampsia patients were higher than those in control group （P〈O.05）. The expression levels of CRSP-3 mRNA and protein in placenta tissue of severe preeclampsia patients were higher than those in control group （P〈0.01） significantly. The expression level of CRSP-3 mRNA and protein in placenta tissue of severe preeclampsia group was slightly higher than that in mild preeclampsia group, but there were no statistical differences between the two groups （P〉0. 05）. Conclusion The up-regulation of CRSP-3 in placenta of preeclamptic patients may be associated with the etiology of preeclampsia, but may have no relation with progress and degree of preeclampsia.