Endoscopic transnasal optic canal decompression for pediatric traumatic optic neuropathy with no light perception

Dear Editor,We reported the results of endoscopic transnasal optic canal decompression(ETOCD)procedure in 3 pediatric cases(9 to 12y,mean age 10.3y)of traumatic optic neuropathy(TON)with no light perception suffering from road traffic accident.TON is a rare but serious complication secondary to ocular or head trauma,resulting in partial or complete visual loss.In China,the incidence of road traffic accident induced TON is on the rise.The rate of incidence has been reported about 0.5% to 5% in closed head trauma cases[1].

miR-138调控年龄相关性白内障晶状体上皮细胞抗氧化应激作用的机制

目的:探讨miR-138对年龄相关性白内障晶状体上皮细胞抗氧化应激能力的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用实时定量PCR(RT-q PCR)检测年龄相关性白内障与正常人透明晶状体前囊膜组织中及人晶状体上皮细胞系(SRA01/04)氧化应激模型中miR-138的表达水平。利用2',7'-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DCFH-DA)荧光探针检测细胞内源性活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平。向人晶状体上皮细胞中分别转染miR-138 mimics,mimic controls,miR-138 inhibitors,inhibitor controls 72h后细胞暴露于400μmol/L H_2O_2 1h,采用RT-qPCR检测p53和Bax的mRNA表达,western blotting检测p53和Bax的蛋白表达水平,MTS法检测细胞增殖活力。结果:与正常对照组相比,年龄相关性白内障晶状体组织中与人晶状体上皮细胞氧化应激模型中miR-138的表达均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);人晶状体上皮细胞氧化应激模型中内源性ROS的水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。相对于对照组,miR-138 mimics组p53和Bax的mRNA、蛋白表达水平均明显升高,细胞增殖活力明显下降,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001);miR-138 inhibitors组p53和Bax的mRNA、蛋白表达水平均明显下降,细胞增殖活力显著升高,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论:miR-138在年龄相关性白内障囊膜组织中表达上调,通过正调控下游靶基因p53和Bax,下调人晶状体上皮细胞抗氧化应激的能力,抑制人晶状体上皮细胞增殖和修复,从而参与年龄相关性白内障的发生过程。

miR-211 regulates the antioxidant function of lens epithelial cells affected by age-related cataracts

AIM： To investigate the effects and mechanism of miR-211 in mediating the antioxidant function of lens epithelial cells affected by age-related cataracts. METHODS： Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） was used to detect miR-211 expression in the anterior lens capsules of healthy people, the anterior lens capsules of patients with age-related cataracts, and human epithelial cell line （SRA01/04） cells exposed to oxidative stress. A 2＇, 7＇-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate （DCFH-DA） probe was used to measure the levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species （ROS） in human lens epithelial cells （hLECs） exposed to 400 pmol/L H2O2 for lh. SRA01/04 cells were transfected with either miR-211 mimics, mimic controls, miR-211 inhibitors or inhibitor controls. After 72h, these cells were exposed to 400 IJmollL H2O2 for lh, then p53 and Bax mRNA expression were measured using RT-qPCR. p53 and Bax protein expression were also measured by Western blotting analysis. Finally, cell viability was assessed using an MTS assay. RESULTS： Compared to the control group, expression of miR-211 in the anterior lens capsules of age-related cataract patients and in SRA01/04 cells exposed to oxidative stress was significantly increased （P〈0.001）. Levels of endogenous ROS were significantly elevated in hLECs exposed to oxidative stress （P〈0.001）. Compared to the mimic control group, the hLECs in the miR-211 mimic group expressed significantly higher levels of p53 and Bax mRNA and protein while cell viability was significantly reduced （P〈0.001）. Conversely, p53 and Bax mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in the miR-211 inhibitor group as compared to the control group, while the cells in this group had much higher levels of call viability （P〈0.001）. CONCLUSION： miR-211 is upregulatsd in the anterior lens capsules of age-related cataract patients, miR-211 decreased the antioxidative stress capacity of lens epithelial cells by upregulating p53 and Bax, while inhibiting cell proliferation and repair. This finding suggests that miR-211 may play a key role in the development of age-related cataracts.

Trends in research related to high myopia from 2010 to 2019:a bibliometric and knowledge mapping analysis

AIM:To evaluate the global trends in and explore hotspots of high myopia(HM)research.METHODS:This bibliometric analysis was used to reveal the publication trends in HM research field based on the Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC).VOSviewer version 1.6.13 software was used to analyze the data and construct a knowledge map including the yearly publication number,journals,countries,international collaborations,authors,research hotspots,and intellectual base in HM.RESULTS:The search engine found 3544 peer-reviewed publications on HM between 2010 and 2019,and the yearly research output substantially elevated over the past decade.China is the top publishing country,and Sun Yatsen University was the most active academic institution.Jonas JB is the top publishing scientist,and Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science(IOVS)was the most productive journal.The highest cited references mainly focused on epidemiology and management.The keywords formed 6 clusters:1)refractive surgery;2)etiology and clinical characteristics;3)the mechanism of eye growth;4)management for myopic maculopathy;5)vitrectomy surgical treatment;6)myopia-associated glaucoma-like optic neuropathy.CONCLUSION:The evaluation of development trends based on the data extracted from WoSCC can provide valuable information and guidance for ophthalmologists and public health researchers to improve management procedures in HM field.

Effect of compression ratio on microstructure evolution of Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy prepared by SIMA process

A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experimental alloy was investigated.The results indicate that the average size ofα-Mg grains decreases and spheroidizing tendency becomes more obvious with the compression ratios increasing from 0 to 40%.In addition,the eutectic Mg2Si phase in the Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy transforms completely from the initial fishbone shape to globular shape by SIMA process.With the increasing of compression ratio,the morphology and average size of Mg2Si phases do not change obviously.The morphology modification mechanism of Mg2Si phase in Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy by SIMA process was also studied.

Integrative taxonomy of Leptonetela spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae), with descriptions of 46 new species

Extreme environments, such as subterranean habitats, are suspected to be responsible for morphologically inseparable cryptic or sibling species and can bias biodiversity assessment. A DNA barcode is a short, standardized DNA sequence used for taxonomic purposes and has the potential to lessen the challenges presented by a biotic inventory. Here, we investigate the diversity of the genus Leptonetela Kratochvil, 1978 that is endemic to karst systems in Eurasia using DNA barcoding. We analyzed 624 specimens using one mitochondrial gene fragment （COl）. The results show that DNA barcoding is an efficient and rapid species identification method in this genus. DNA barcoding gap and automatic barcode gap discovery （ABGD） analyses indicated the existence of 90 species, a result consistent with previous taxonomic hypotheses, and supported the existence of extreme male pedipalpal tibial spine and median apophysis polymorphism in Leptonetela species, with direct implications for the taxonomy of the group and its diversity. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, we delimit and diagnose 90 Leptonetela species, including the type species Leptonetela kanellisi （Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971）. Forty-six of them are previously undescribed. The female of Leptonetela zhai Wang ＆ Li, 2011 is reported for the first time. Leptonetela tianxinensis （Tong ＆ Li, 2008） comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Leptoneta Simon, 1872; the genus Guineta Lin ＆ Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela; Leptonetela gigachela （Lin ＆ Li, 2010） comb. nov. is transferred from Guineta. The genus Sinoneta LJn ＆ Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela; Leptonetela notabilis （Lin ＆ Li, 2010） comb. nov. and Leptonetela sexdigiti （Lin ＆ Li, 2010） comb. nov. are transferred from Sinoneta; Leptonetela sanchahe Wang ＆ Li nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Sinoneta palmata （Chen et a 2010） because Leptonetela palmata is preoccupied.

miR-211 promotes lens epithelial cells apoptosis by targeting silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1 in age-related cataracts

AIM： To detect the expression of miR-211 in age-related cataract tissue, explore the effects of miR-211 on lens epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and identify its target gene.METHODS： This study used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-q PCR） to measure the expression of miR-211 and its predicted target gene [silent matingtype information regulation 2 homolog 1（SIRT1）] in 46 anterior lens capsules collected from age-related cataract patients. Human lens epithelial cell line（SRA01/04） cells were transfected with either miR-211 mimics, mimic controls, miR-211 inhibitors or inhibitor controls, 72 h after transfection, miR NA and protein expression of SIRT1 were measured using RT-qP CR and Western blotting; then cells were exposed to 200 μmol/L H2O2 for 1h, whereupon cell viability was measured by MTS assay, caspase-3 assay was performed. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the relationship between miR-211 of SIRT1.RESULTS： Compared to the control group, expression of miR-211 was significantly increased（P〈0.001）, the miR NA and protein expression of SIRT1 were significantly decreased（P〈0.001） in the anterior lens capsules of patients with age-related cataracts. Relative to the control group, SIRT1 miR NA and protein levels in the miR-211 mimic group were significantly reduced, cell proliferation activity significantly decreased, and caspase-3 activity was significantly increased（P〈0.001）. In the miR-211 inhibitor group, SIRT1 miRNA and protein expression were significantly increased, cell proliferation activity significantly increased, and caspase-3 activity was significantly decreased（P〈0.001）. A dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SIRT1 is a direct target of miR-211.CONCLUSION： miR-211 is highly expressed in the anterior lens capsules of patients with age-related cataracts. By negatively regulating the expression of SIRT1, miR-211 promotes lens epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibits lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Characterization of human gene encoding SLA/LP autoantigen and its conserved homologs in mouse,fish,fly,and worm

AIM： To approach the elusive function of the SLA/LP molecule, we have characterized genomic organization and conservation of the major antigenic and functional properties of the SLA/LP molecule in various species. METHODS： By means of computational biology, we have characterized the complete SLA/LP gene, mRNA and deduced protein sequences in man, mouse, zebrafish, fly, and worm. RESULTS： The human SLA/LP gene sequence of approximately 39 kb, which maps to chromosome 4p15.2, is organized in 11 exons, of which 10 or 11 are translated, depending on the splice variant. Homologous molecules were identified in several biological model organisms. The various homologous protein sequences showed a high degree of similarity or homology, notably at those residues that are of functional importance. The only domain of the human protein sequence that lacks significant homology with homologous sequences is the major antigenic epitope recognized by autoantibodies from autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） patients. CONCLUSION： The SLA/LP molecule and its functionally relevant residues have been highly conserved throughout the evoluti n, suggesting an indispensable function of the molecule. The finding that the only non-conserved domain is the dominant antigenic epitope of the human SLA/LP sequence, suggests that SLA/LP autoimmunity is autoantigen-driven rather than being driven by molecular mimicry.

Taxonomic notes on Leptonetidae(Arachnida,Araneae)from China,with descriptions of one new genus and eight new species

Species of the spider family Leptonetidae Simon,1890 from China are revised based on molecular and morphological data analyses.A new genus,Jingneta Wang&Li gen.nov.,is erected,with Leptoneta cornea Tong&Li,2008 as the type species.Twenty-two Chinese species previously assigned to the genus Leptoneta Simon,1872 are revised,with eight transferred to Falcileptoneta Komatsu,1970,seven transferred to Jingneta gen.nov.,five transferred to Leptonetela Kratochvil,1978,and one species each transferred to Longileptoneta Seo,2015 and Masirana Kishida,1942.Eight new species are described:i.e.,Falcileptoneta shuanglong Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂),Jingneta caoxian Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀),J.jingdong Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀),Longileptoneta gutan Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀),L.huangshan Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀),L.shenxian Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀),L.yeren Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂),and L.zhuxian Wang&Li sp.nov.(♂♀).In total,127 leptonetid species from six genera are documented from China:nine species of Falcileptoneta,nine species of Jingneta gen.nov.,101 species of Leptonetela,six species of Longileptoneta,one species of Masirana,and one species of Rhyssoleptoneta Tong&Li,2007.

Robust and High-Wettability Pristine Poly(ether ether ketone) Nanofiber Separator for Heat-Resistant and Safe Lithium-Ion Battery

Separator is a pivotal component of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and determines the electrochemical performance and safety.However,with the increase in energy density and application scenarios,commercial polyolefin separators are increasingly unable to undertake heavy responsibility of battery safety protection.Herein,a new kind of nanofiber separator based on poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK)with excellent thermal stability,self-extinguishing,and superior electrochemical properties is reported.Effective inheritance of intrinsic properties from raw PEEK materials and optimized hot-pressing operation endows the separator with high robustness and wettability,showing tensile strength of 15.8 MPa and a contact angle of 17.2°.The high thermal stability of PEEK can ensure the separator to preserve the structural integrity and microstructure at temperatures beyond 300℃,and the excellent self-extinguishing peculiarity of PEEK capacitates the high safety of LIB.Notably,benefitting from high porosity and polar surface,the PEEK separator shows high electrolyte uptake of 245.5%and exhibits a wider electrochemical window and faster lithium-ion transport number than commercial polyolefin separators.Furthermore,cells assembled with PEEK separator display better performance than the ones with PE separator,and the PEEK LIB has been successfully used to light up a lamp at a high temperature of 150℃.