The Records of Anatomy in Ancient China

Through long-term observations and repeated practices of human body structure,anatomical knowledge in ancient China has gradually developed from the sprouting period when ancient Chinese hunted animals for survival,to anatomical exploration,which breaks the shackles of fear and religious rites.For example,Hua Tuo(华佗),a famous doctor in the period of The Three Kingdoms,did exquisite abdominal surgery;Yan Luozi(烟萝子),a Taoist priest in the period of The Five Dynasties,drew a map of human anatomy;Wang Weiyi(王唯一),a medical official in Northern Song dynasty,was responsible for casting acupuncture bronze figures,an anatomical mold for practicing acupuncture;Song Ci(宋慈),a forensic expert in Southern Song Dynasty,wrote Xi Yuan Ji Lu(《洗冤集录》Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified);Wang Qingren(王清任),a physician in Qing Dynasty wrote Yi Lin Gai Cuo(《医林改错》Correction on Errors in Medical Works).Ancient Chinese anatomy is far ahead of Western anatomy in understanding and describing human body structures.It has made great contributions to the emergence of Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》Huangdi's Internal Classic)and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of visceral manifestation theory and meridian and collateral theory.Even now,it has served the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical practices.Anatomical knowledges,such as relevant operation records,books,Atlas,models in ancient China,especially the names of Zangorgan and Fu-organ,bones and five sense organs,are still used in modern anatomy and modern medicine,making indelible contributions to the development of modern anatomy in China.

Self-healing of microcapsule-based materials for highway construction:A review

Maintaining the health and reliability of civil facilities is of strategic importance.In highway engineering,pavement cracking impairs the road service and travel comfort level,while structure cracking can cause catastrophic damage.Microcapsule-based self-healing materials offer solutions to auto-recovery micro-cracks and maintain structural health.Such solution has become available by laboratory synthesis and proved effective in addressing the cracking problem during long-term mechanical,thermal,and hydraulic conditions.However,full-scale applications of this technique are not prevalent,showing its potential limitations in highway engineering.Crack healing in highways is a big topic,therefore,this review has two insertion points.(1)We focus on the cracking issues on two specific materials:asphalt and concrete,which account for the vast majority of all the materials used in pavement and structures in highways.(2)Instead of the laboratory studies,we pay more attention to the practical applications,the meaning of healing performance,and the adverse effects of microcapsules to the main structural components(i.e.,tunnel lining,bridge piers and beams)and pavement in highways.The practical significance of self-healing materials in highway projects was discussed from the three aspects:strength,durability,and stress redistribution.The difficulty in applying this new technique is also discussed from economic perspective.For future-proofing,a material evaluation system that fits the load condition is required.The self-healing technique brings composites a chance to interact with the environment,showing high potential for contributing to the development of various types of long-lasting infrastructures.