Arctic summer sea ice phenology including ponding from 1982 to 2017

Information on the Arctic sea ice climate indicators is crucial to business strategic planning and climate monitoring.Data on the evolvement of the Arctic sea ice and decadal trends of phenology factors during melt season are necessary for climate prediction under global warming.Previous studies on Arctic sea ice phenology did not involve melt ponds that dramatically lower the ice surface albedo and tremendously affect the process of sea ice surface melt.Temporal means and trends of the Arctic sea ice phenology from 1982 to 2017 were examined based on satellite-derived sea ice concentration and albedo measurements.Moreover,the timing of ice ponding and two periods corresponding to it were newly proposed as key stages in the melt season.Therefore,four timings,i.e.,date of snow and ice surface melt onset(MO),date of pond onset(PO),date of sea ice opening(DOO),and date of sea ice retreat(DOR);and three durations,i.e.,melt pond formation period(MPFP,i.e.,MO–PO),melt pond extension period(MPEP,i.e.,PO–DOR),and seasonal loss of ice period(SLIP,i.e.,DOO–DOR),were used.PO ranged from late April in the peripheral seas to late June in the central Arctic Ocean in Bootstrap results,whereas the pan-Arctic was observed nearly 4 days later in NASA Team results.Significant negative trends were presented in the MPEP in the Hudson Bay,the Baffin Bay,the Greenland Sea,the Kara and Barents seas in both results,indicating that the Arctic sea ice undergoes a quick transition from ice to open water,thereby extending the melt season year to year.The high correlation coefficient between MO and PO,MPFP illustrated that MO predominates the process of pond formation.

细梗蔷薇愈伤组织提取物在人真皮成纤维细胞及3D表皮模型上的护肤功效探究

通过植物组织培养技术得到细梗蔷薇(Rosa graciliflora)愈伤组织,利用纯水超声提取和真空冷冻干燥工艺获得细梗蔷薇愈伤组织提取物(RCE),然后对RCE进行成分检测和体外护肤功效评估。结果表明,RCE含有氨基酸、维生素、有机酸和多酚等多种活性成分。体外护肤检测结果表明,RCE对人真皮成纤维细胞有一定的增殖作用,0.01%和0.05%RCE能促进人真皮成纤维细胞分泌Ⅰ型胶原蛋白,与空白对照对比,其Ⅰ型胶原蛋白分别提高83%和79%,作用效果和阳性对照维生素C相似。此外,在重建的3D表皮模型上,0.01%RCE能够显著促进细胞增殖活性标记物Ki67、皮肤屏障功能标志物丝聚蛋白(Filaggrin)及外膜蛋白(Involucrin)的表达,相比空白对照,其阳性率分别提高308%,853%和349%,具有显著差异性。研究发现RCE具有潜在的延缓皮肤衰老和提高皮肤屏障功能的作用,有望作为一种绿色原料添加在化妆品中使用。

Reconciled estimation of Antarctic ice sheet mass balance and contribution to global sea level change from 1996 to 2021

The Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS)has been losing ice mass and contributing to global sea level rise(GSLR).Given its mass that is enough to cause~58 m of GSLR,accurate estimation of mass balance trend is critical for AIS mass loss monitoring and sea level rise forecasting.Here,we present an improved approach to reconciled solutions of mass balance in AIS and its regions from multiple contributing solutions using the input-out,altimetric,and gravimetric methods.In comparison to previous methods,such as IMBIE 2018,this approach utilizes an adaptive data aggregation window to handle the heterogeneity of the contributing solutions,including the number of solutions,temporal distributions,uncertainties,and estimation techniques.We improved the regression-based method by using a two-step procedure that establishes ensembled solutions within each method(input-output,altimetry,or gravimetry)and then estimates the method-independent reconciled solutions.For the first time,16contributing solutions from 8 Chinese institutions are used to estimate the reconciled mass balance of AIS and its regions from1996 to 2021.Our results show that AIS has lost a total ice mass of~3213±253 Gt during the period,an equivalent of~8.9±0.7 mm of GSLR.There is a sustained mass loss acceleration since 2006,from 88.1±3.6 Gt yr^(-1)during 1996–2005 to 130.7±8.4 Gt yr^(-1)during 2006–2013 and further to 157.0±9.0 Gt yr^(-1)during 2014–2021.The mass loss signal in the West Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula is dominant and clearly presented in the reconciled estimation and contributing solutions,regardless of estimation methods used and fluctuation of surface mass balance.Uncertainty and challenges remain in mass balance estimation in East Antarctica.This reconciled estimation approach can be extended and applied for improved mass balance estimation in the Greenland Ice Sheet and mountain glacier regions.

Making sense of a new language:authenticity and semiotics in additional language learning

The concept of authenticity has received much discussion in applied linguistics and educational studies.Valuable insights have been gained into how authenticity is problematised in language teaching and how to improve the situation by engaging learners with better-designed materials and activities.These achievements notwithstanding,empirical evidence remains insufficient to understand learners’meaning-making endeavours in real-life learning scenarios.The current study attempts to examine authenticity in additional language learning from a semiotic perspective,which may shed new light on the complex cognitive process of beginner learners’first encounter with a new language and how this process could be motivated and facilitated by teachers in a classroom setting.Evidence of semiotic articulation and production of authenticity from a low-pressure Spanish classroom is analysed focussing on cultural authenticity,interactive authenticity and authenticity of behaviour and engagement.The evidence is discussed to find how semiotic resources in combination with lived experiences may help learners’comprehension and appreciation of the target language and its culture.These findings reveal the relevance and value of semiotic approaches to language teaching research and provide practical implications for exposing pre-tertiary young learners to languages other than English for more diverse and extensive learning experiences.

A new benzaldehyde from the coral-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus C23-3 and its anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of MAPK signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells

Marine fungi are important members of the marine microbiome,which have been paid growing attention by scientists in recent years.The secondary metabolites of marine fungi have been reported to contain rich and diverse compounds with novel structures(Chen et al.,2019).Aspergillus terreus,the higher level marine fungus of the Aspergillus genus(family of Trichocomaceae,order of Eurotiales,class of Euro・tiomycetes,phylum of Ascomycota).

Filling in the blank:towards a semiotic account of poetry translation

Poetry is often seen as the ultimate challenge for a literary translator.Why it is so and how in reality translators manage to accomplish this feat remain to be explored.This article contributes a new way of understanding poetry translation by re-theorizing the practice with reference to the concept of blank-sign.In the light of the blank-sign,we see poetry as a genre rich with meaning-charged blank-signs and poetry translation as a"blank-flling"endeavour to seek relevance for the poem in the target sociocultural context while craftily leaving its overall poetic"blankness"intact for meaningful reading and contemplation.We illustrate this idea with the Spanish translation of two contemporary Chinese poems,with a focus on discussing the challenges with regard to communicating the culture-laden images and the intertextual connections in the original poem.Based on our preliminary findings,we highlight the value of the study of blank-signs in poetry translation and the need for translators to draw insights from cross-linguistic analysis to inform their practice.This semiotic account offers insights into how poetry translation can be alternatively conceptualised and has implications for practitioners involved in poetry and translation.

Elevation change around Dome A region of Antarctica from EnviSat satellite radar altimetry during 2002–2012

The expected responses of ice sheets to climate warming are growth in the thickness of the inland ice areas and thinning near the margins.In recent decades,researchers have identified glacier acceleration along Antarctic ice sheet coastal margins.However,the study of ice sheet interiors where seasonal accumulation eventually balances ice wastage at the lower elevation is poorly understood.In this paper,the ice sheet elevation change around Dome A region is analyzed from 2002 to 2012 using two million elevation change measurements from EnviSat satellite radar altimeter data covering an area of about 7000 km2.A declining trend of 0.572±1.31 mm/year which means that the Dome A region was in balance during the last decade can be captured.In addition,two obvious changes in accumulation which divide elevation change time series into three independent equilibration stages are also extracted.In order to explain this phenomenon,two speculations related to snowfall and firn compaction are proposed in this paper.

Physicochemical properties of gelatin produced from Nile tilapia skin using chemical and fermentation pretreatments

In this study,we aimed to verify the effectiveness of fermentation as a pretreatment in Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)skin gelatin production and to assess its effects on the extracted gelatin.Chemical-gelatin(CG)and fermentation-gelatin(FG)were extracted using hot water from tilapia skin after immersion in chemical reagents(sodium hydroxide and butanol)and after fermentation with Bacillus velezensis FEL-BM21,respectively.FG presented a higher recovery(27.40%),yield(49.99%),and imino acid(proline and hydroxyproline)content(177.17±0.35 residues/1000 residues)than CG,but had a lower molecular weight.Fourier transform infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed that the collagen was denatured,and scanning electron microscopy revealed that FG had a more continuous filamentous structure than CG.Furthermore,except for transmittance(66.19%at 450 nm and 86.36%at 620 nm),FG exhibited higher gel strength(492.81 g),gelling point(28.93℃),and melting point(18.33℃)than CG.These findings suggest that fermentation can be used to treat gelatin raw materials without negatively affecting the structure of gelatin.Moreover,fermentation has potential industrial applications as an alternative to chemical treatment.