Developing high-performance nanostructured materials is key to deliver the potential of hydrovoltaic technology into practical applications.As single-component materials have approached its limit in generating hydrovo...Developing high-performance nanostructured materials is key to deliver the potential of hydrovoltaic technology into practical applications.As single-component materials have approached its limit in generating hydrovoltaic electricity,the development of multi-component hydrovoltaic materials has been necessary in continuously boosting the electricity output.Here,we report a hydrovoltaic material by integrating reduced graphene oxides and polypyrrole nanoparticles(rGO/PPy),where the rGO contributes improved conductivity and large specific surface area while PPy nanoparticles enable enhanced interaction with water.The device fabricated with this material generates a short-circuit current of 6μA as well as a maximum power density of over 1μW/cm3 from natural evaporation of water.And the substantial ion-PPy interaction enables robust voltage generation from evaporation of various salt solutions.Moreover,an outstanding scaling ability is demonstrated by connecting 10 devices in series that generate a sustainable voltage of up to~2.5 V,sufficing to power many commercial devices,e.g.LED bulb and LCD screen.展开更多
The last decade has witnessed the emergence of hydrovoltaic technology,which can harvest electricity from different forms of water movement,such as raindrops,waves,flows,moisture,and natural evaporation.In particular,...The last decade has witnessed the emergence of hydrovoltaic technology,which can harvest electricity from different forms of water movement,such as raindrops,waves,flows,moisture,and natural evaporation.In particular,the evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic effect received great attention since its discovery in 2017 due to its negative heat emission property.Nevertheless,the influence of electrode reactions in evaporation-induced power generation is not negligible due to the chemical reaction between active metal electrodes and water,which leads to“exceptional”power generation.Herein,we designed a series of experiments based on air-laid paper devices with electrodes of different activities as the top and bottom electrodes.To verify the contribution of electrodes,we compared the output performance of different electrode combinations when the device was partially-wetted and fully-wetted.The device hydrophilicity,salt concentration,and acidity or basicity of solutions were also comprehensively investigated.It is demonstrated that the chemical reaction of active metals(Zn,Cu,Ag,etc.)with different aqueous solutions can generate considerable electrical energy and significantly distort the device performance,especially for Zn electrodes with an output voltage from~1.26 to~1.52 V and current from~1.24 to~75.69μA.To promote the long-term development of hydrovoltaic technology,we recommend use of inert electrodes in hydrovoltaic studies,such as Au and Pt,especially in water and moisture environment.展开更多
Water constitutes the largest energy carrier on earth,absorbing more than 70%of the solar energy received by the earth's surface,yet its low exploitation has been a constant concern.The hydrovoltaic effect is an e...Water constitutes the largest energy carrier on earth,absorbing more than 70%of the solar energy received by the earth's surface,yet its low exploitation has been a constant concern.The hydrovoltaic effect is an emerging technology that generates electricity through the direct interaction between nanomaterials and water of various forms(raindrops,waves,flows,moisture,and natural evaporation).Especially,the evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic effect is a spontaneous and ubiquitous process that can directly convert thermal energy from the surrounding environment into electricity without the demand for additional mechanical work,which shows unique advantages compared with other hydrovoltaic effects.A variety of nanostructured materials have been steadily developed for evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic devices(EHDs)in recent years.However,there has been a lack of a clear specification on the selection and design of materials for improving device performance.Herein,we first analyze the mechanisms of EHDs followed by a summarization of the recent advances in materials,including carbon materials,biomass-based materials,metal oxides,composite materials,and others.We then discuss the strategies for improving the energy conversion efficiency and the output power in terms of structural design,surface modification,and interface treatment.Finally,we provide an outlook on the potential applications of electricity generation,sensors,and desalination technology,as well as the challenges and prospects for the development of this emerging technology in the future.展开更多
基金The work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[NJ2022002]National Key Research and Development Program of China[2019YFA0705400]+1 种基金National NSF of China[1221101035,12225205,22073048]Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures[MCMS-I-0422K01].
文摘Developing high-performance nanostructured materials is key to deliver the potential of hydrovoltaic technology into practical applications.As single-component materials have approached its limit in generating hydrovoltaic electricity,the development of multi-component hydrovoltaic materials has been necessary in continuously boosting the electricity output.Here,we report a hydrovoltaic material by integrating reduced graphene oxides and polypyrrole nanoparticles(rGO/PPy),where the rGO contributes improved conductivity and large specific surface area while PPy nanoparticles enable enhanced interaction with water.The device fabricated with this material generates a short-circuit current of 6μA as well as a maximum power density of over 1μW/cm3 from natural evaporation of water.And the substantial ion-PPy interaction enables robust voltage generation from evaporation of various salt solutions.Moreover,an outstanding scaling ability is demonstrated by connecting 10 devices in series that generate a sustainable voltage of up to~2.5 V,sufficing to power many commercial devices,e.g.LED bulb and LCD screen.
基金supported by the National and Jiangsu Province NSF(Nos.T2293691 and BK20212008)of ChinaNational Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0705400)+2 种基金the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures(No.MCMS-I-0422K01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.NJ2022002)the Fund of Prospective Layout of Scientific Research for NUAA(Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics).
文摘The last decade has witnessed the emergence of hydrovoltaic technology,which can harvest electricity from different forms of water movement,such as raindrops,waves,flows,moisture,and natural evaporation.In particular,the evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic effect received great attention since its discovery in 2017 due to its negative heat emission property.Nevertheless,the influence of electrode reactions in evaporation-induced power generation is not negligible due to the chemical reaction between active metal electrodes and water,which leads to“exceptional”power generation.Herein,we designed a series of experiments based on air-laid paper devices with electrodes of different activities as the top and bottom electrodes.To verify the contribution of electrodes,we compared the output performance of different electrode combinations when the device was partially-wetted and fully-wetted.The device hydrophilicity,salt concentration,and acidity or basicity of solutions were also comprehensively investigated.It is demonstrated that the chemical reaction of active metals(Zn,Cu,Ag,etc.)with different aqueous solutions can generate considerable electrical energy and significantly distort the device performance,especially for Zn electrodes with an output voltage from~1.26 to~1.52 V and current from~1.24 to~75.69μA.To promote the long-term development of hydrovoltaic technology,we recommend use of inert electrodes in hydrovoltaic studies,such as Au and Pt,especially in water and moisture environment.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2019YFA0705400The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:NJ202202+1 种基金The Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures,Grant/Award Number:MCMS-I-0421K01Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20212008。
文摘Water constitutes the largest energy carrier on earth,absorbing more than 70%of the solar energy received by the earth's surface,yet its low exploitation has been a constant concern.The hydrovoltaic effect is an emerging technology that generates electricity through the direct interaction between nanomaterials and water of various forms(raindrops,waves,flows,moisture,and natural evaporation).Especially,the evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic effect is a spontaneous and ubiquitous process that can directly convert thermal energy from the surrounding environment into electricity without the demand for additional mechanical work,which shows unique advantages compared with other hydrovoltaic effects.A variety of nanostructured materials have been steadily developed for evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic devices(EHDs)in recent years.However,there has been a lack of a clear specification on the selection and design of materials for improving device performance.Herein,we first analyze the mechanisms of EHDs followed by a summarization of the recent advances in materials,including carbon materials,biomass-based materials,metal oxides,composite materials,and others.We then discuss the strategies for improving the energy conversion efficiency and the output power in terms of structural design,surface modification,and interface treatment.Finally,we provide an outlook on the potential applications of electricity generation,sensors,and desalination technology,as well as the challenges and prospects for the development of this emerging technology in the future.
