Geniposide, the component of the Chinese herbal formula Tongluojiunao, protects amyloid-β peptide(1–42)-mediated death of hippocampal neurons via the non-classical estrogen signaling pathway

Tongluojiunao （TLJN） is an herbal medicine consisting of two main components, geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1. TLJN has been shown to protect primary cultured hippocampal neurons. How-ever, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons treated with Aβ1-42 （10 μmol/L） signiifcantly increased the release of lactate dehydroge-nase, which was markedly reduced by TLJN （2 μL/mL）, speciifcally by the component geniposide （26 μmol/L）, but not ginsenoside Rg1 （2.5 μmol/L）. hTe estrogen receptor inhibitor, ICI182780 （1 μmol/L）, did not block TLJN-or geniposide-mediated decrease of lactate dehydrogenase under Aβ1-42-exposed conditions. However, the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor, LY294002 （50 μmol/L） or U0126 （10 μmol/L）, respectively blo cked the decrease of lactate dehydrogenase mediated by TLJN or geniposide. hTerefore, these results suggest that the non-classical estrogen pathway （i.e., phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase） is involved in the neuroprotective effect of TLJN, speciifcally its component, geniposide, against Aβ1-42-mediated cell death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons.

Fabrication of lithium niobate metasurfaces via a combination of FIB and ICP-RIE

Lithium niobate(LN)metasurfaces have emerged as a new platform for manipulating electromagnetic waves.Here,we report a fabrication technique for LN nano-grating metasurfaces by combining focused ion beam(FIB)milling with inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching(ICP-RIE).Steep sidewalls with angles larger than 80°are achieved.Sharp quasi-bound states in the continuum are observed from our metasurfaces.The measured transmission spectra show good agreement with the numerical simulations,confirming the high quality of the fabricated metasurfaces.Our technique can be applied to fabricate the LN metasurfaces with sharp resonances for various applications in optical communications,on-chip photonics,laser physics,sensing,and so on.