Genome-Wide Exploration of the Grape GLR Gene Family and Differential Responses of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 to Low Temperature and Salt Stress

Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR)family,comprising highly conserved ligand-gated ion channels,regulates plant growth and development in response to stress.In this study,11 members of the VvGLR gene family in grapes were identified using whole-genome sequence analysis.Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze the basic physical and chemical properties,phylogenetic trees,conserved domains,motifs,expression patterns,and evolutionary relationships.Phylogenetic and collinear analyses revealed that the VvGLRs were divided into three subgroups,showing the high conservation of the grape GLR family.These members exhibited 2 glutamate receptor binding regions(GABAb and GluR)and 3-4 transmembrane regions(M1,M2,M3,and M4).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of all VvGLRs to low temperature and salt stress.Subsequent localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum verified that VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 proteins were located on the cell membrane and cell nucleus.Additionally,yeast transformation experiments confirmed the functionality of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 in response to low temperature and salt stress.Thesefindings highlight the significant role of the GLR family,a highly conserved group of ion channels,in enhancing grape stress resistance.This study offers new insights into the grape GLR gene family,providing fundamental knowledge for further functional analysis and breeding of stress-resistant grapevines.

Genome Wide Characterization of CBL-CIPK Family Genes and Their Responsive Expression in Rosa chinensis

Calcium(Ca^(2+))plays a pivotal role in various signal transduction pathways.Calcineurin B-like proteins(CBLs)are a unique group of Ca^(2+)sensors that decode Ca^(2+)signals by activating the plant specific protein kinase known as the CBL-interacting protein kinase(CIPK).In plants,the CBL-CIPK signaling network regulates multiple signals in response to different extracellular cues including abiotic stress.However,the genome wide annotation and expression patterns of CBLs and CIPKs in woody cutting flower plants are still unclear.In this study,a total number of 7 CBLs(RcCBLs)and 17 CIPKs(RcCIPKs)genes,divided into four and five subfamilies,respectively,were identified from the rose genome.All RcCBLs possess a classic elongation factor-hand(EF-hand)domain,while all RcCIPKs possess both the classic kinase and NAF domains.Most RcCBLs were predicted to be plasma membrane localized,whereas most RcCIPKs were predicted to be cytoplasmic localized.Synteny analysis showed that one RcCBL gene pair and five RcCIPK gene pairs have gone through whole genome duplication events.Promoter cis-element prediction assays indicated that RcCBLs and RcCIPKs could function in different abiotic stress responses in rose plants.Further quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that RcCBLs and RcCIPKs were expressed in different organs with overlapped but distinct patterns in response to various abiotic stresses.The findings in this work will provide fundamental information and gene resources for further functional research on RcCBLs and RcCIPKs.

Experimental Study on the Removal of Arsenic in Waste Water from Semiconductor Manufacturing

An effective and economic process for removing arsenic in waste water which is acuminating in the process of etching, cutting and washing in semiconductor industry has been developed in this paper. The proposed technique of arsenic removal is as follows: first pretreatment step is to oxidize arsenite to arsenate by potas-sium permanganate, second key step is precipitation based on arsenic compound solubility with ferric sulfate and slaked lime under pH adjustment, and the last complementary step is followed by the adsorption of the bentonite with enhanced by activated carbon and organic adsorbent. Experimental results show that under the optimal condition the removal efficiency of arsenic in the waste water is better than 99.99%, or the concen-tration of arsenic is from its original 100mg/l reduced to less than 10µg/l accordingly.

Construction of Enriched Resource for Primary Therapeutic Targets of Approved and Clinical Trial Drugs

An assessment of the efficacy targets of drugs that represent an opportunity for targeted therapy is fundamental to the development of post-genomic research strategies within the pharmaceutical industry. Identification and validation of efficacy target is an important process in drug discovery and development. Extensive drug discovery efforts have yielded many approved and candidate drugs. Although sever drug databases provide the drug and their corresponding targets, there is an insufficient coverage of the clinical trial drugs over the past decades. Here, we conduct a comprehensive survey for current clinical trial drugs, therapeutic targets. The analysis contents include: 1) collect clinical trial drugs from different sources, 2) By analysis of the literature, we summarize the criteria for assign therapeutic targets for each drug based on its indication. The knowledge of these drugs and their targets is useful not only for drug discovery and development of targeted therapy, but also for facilitating the discovery of systems pharmacology.

Spin switching in corrole radical complex

Spintronics is a cutting-edge field of developing new electronic devices by manipulating the electron spin and magnetic moment[1].Traditional spintronic research mainly focuses on transition metals and inorganic semiconductors,while organic molecules have the advantage of being extremely easy to realize efficient spin control by modifying the specific external conditions for desired electronic structures and magnetic characteristics.Corrole,as a ring-contracted porphyrin,is the aromatic analog of the central macrocycle of vitamin Bi2.Corrole has a squeezed inner cavity and three inner NHs in its free-base form,making it easier to stabilize high-valent metal ions and thus a promising candidate in spintronics.

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2,4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions(A,B,C,and D)of humic acids(HAs)were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong.UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C5C content.The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation.The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration.The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B.This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D≥C>A>B,and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.

Ferromagnetic element microalloying and clustering effects in high B_s Fe-based amorphous alloys

Fe83（Cox,Niy）（B11Si2P3C1）1-x,y/17（x,y=1–3）amorphous alloys with high saturation magnetic flux density（Bs）and excellent soft-magnetic properties were developed and then the microalloying and clustering effects were explored.The microalloying of Co and Ni improves the Bsfrom 1.65 T to 1.67–1.72 T and 1.66–1.68 T,respectively.The Ni-doped alloys exhibit better soft-magnetic properties,containing a low coercivity（Hc） of about 5.0 A/m and a high Effective permeability（μe）of（8–10）×10^3,whereas the microalloying of Co leads to a deteriorative Hc of 5.0–13.0 A/m and a μeof（5–8）×10^3.Moreover,microalloying of Ni can increase the ductile-brittle transition（DBT）temperature of the ribbons,while a totally opposite effect is found in the Co-doped alloys.The formation of dense α-Fe（Co,Ni）clusters during annealing process is used to explain the distinct effects of Co and Ni microalloying on the magnetic properties and bending toughness.

Characterization of Nucleation Behavior in Temperature-Induced BCC-to-HCP Phase Transformation for High Entropy Alloy

Phase transformation is one of the essential topics in the studies on high entropy alloys(HEAs).However,characterization of the nucleation behavior in the phase transformation for HEAs is still challenging through experimental methods.In the present work,HfNbTaTiZr HEA was chosen as the representative material,and molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo(MD/MC)simulations were performed to investigate the nucleation behavior in temperature-induced BCC-to-HCP transformation for this HEA system.The results indicate that Nb–Ta,Ti–Zr,Hf–Zr and Hf–Ti atom pairs are preferred in the BCC solid solution of HfNbTaTiZr HEA and Hf–Ti–Zr-rich atom cluster with chemical short range order acts as the nucleation site for HCP phase.The nucleation process follows the non-classical two-step nucleation model:BCC-like structure with severe lattice distortion forms first and then HCP structure nucleates from the BCC-like structure.Moreover,at low temperature,the BCC-to-HCP nucleation hardly occurs,and the BCC solid solution is stabilized.The present work provides more atomic details of the nucleation behavior in temperature-induced BCC-to-HCP phase transformation for HEA,and can help in deep understanding of the phase stability for HEAs.

Photodegradation of 2,4-D induced by NO_2^- in aqueous solutions: The role of NO_2

To elucidate the effect of nitrite ion （NO2^-） on the photodegradation of organic pollutants, a 300 W mercury lamp and Pyrex tubes restricting the transmission of wavelengths below 290nm were used to simulate sunlight, and the photodegradation processes of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D） with different concentrations of NO2^- in freshwater and seawater were studied. The effect of reactive oxygen species （ROS） on the photolysis of 2,4-D was also demonstrated using electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR）. The results indicated that the 2,4-D photolysis reaction followed the first-order kinetics in freshwater and seawater under different concentrations of NO2^-. Meanwhile, the photochemical reaction rate of 2,4-D increased with increasing concentration of NO2^-. When the concentration of NO2^- was lower than 23 mg/L, the photodegradation rate of 2,4-D in seawater was higher than that in freshwater. However, when the concentration of NO2^- was reached 230 mg/L, 2,4-D degradation slowed down in seawater. It was important to note that EPR spectra showed NO2 radical was generated in the NO5 solution under simulated sunlight irradiation, indicating that 2,4-D photodegradation could be induced by NO2. These results show the key role of NO2^- in photochemistry and are helpful for better understanding of the phototransformation of environmental contaminants in natural aquatic systems.