This research aimed to quantify concentrations of ammonia(NH3),carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4)),estimate emissions,and analyze the factors influencing them during warm periods in an open dairy barn equipped w...This research aimed to quantify concentrations of ammonia(NH3),carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4)),estimate emissions,and analyze the factors influencing them during warm periods in an open dairy barn equipped with two cooling systems in a Mediterranean climate zone.Gas distribution within the barn was observed to vary both vertically and horizontally,with the highest gas concentrations observed in the central area of the barn.NH_(3),CH_(4)and CO_(2)ranged in 1.7–7.4,7–18,560–724μg·g^(–1),respectively.Natural ventilation through openings and the operation of cooling systems induced changes in indoor microclimate conditions,influencing cow behavior and,consequently,gas production.Gas concentrations were the highest at air velocities below 0.5 m·s^(–1).The highest concentration of NH_(3)was observed when the temperature-humidity index(THI)was>72 and≤78;and CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations were the highest with THI≥72 and decreased with THI≤72.NH_(3)concentrations when barn management included three daily milkings were higher than those measured when barn management was based on two daily milkings,and lower for CH_(4)and CO_(2).NH_(3)and CH_(4)emissions were the highest during barn cleaning,while the lowest NH_(3)emissions occurred during activity of the cows(i.e.,feeding,walking).展开更多
基金received funding from the European Union NextGeneration EU(Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza-Missione 4,Componente 2,Investimento 1.4-D.D.103217/06/2022,CN00000022)partially funded by European Union(Next Generation EU),through the MUR-PNRR project SAMOTHRACE(CUP:E63C22000900006CODE_ECS00000022)
文摘This research aimed to quantify concentrations of ammonia(NH3),carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4)),estimate emissions,and analyze the factors influencing them during warm periods in an open dairy barn equipped with two cooling systems in a Mediterranean climate zone.Gas distribution within the barn was observed to vary both vertically and horizontally,with the highest gas concentrations observed in the central area of the barn.NH_(3),CH_(4)and CO_(2)ranged in 1.7–7.4,7–18,560–724μg·g^(–1),respectively.Natural ventilation through openings and the operation of cooling systems induced changes in indoor microclimate conditions,influencing cow behavior and,consequently,gas production.Gas concentrations were the highest at air velocities below 0.5 m·s^(–1).The highest concentration of NH_(3)was observed when the temperature-humidity index(THI)was>72 and≤78;and CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations were the highest with THI≥72 and decreased with THI≤72.NH_(3)concentrations when barn management included three daily milkings were higher than those measured when barn management was based on two daily milkings,and lower for CH_(4)and CO_(2).NH_(3)and CH_(4)emissions were the highest during barn cleaning,while the lowest NH_(3)emissions occurred during activity of the cows(i.e.,feeding,walking).
