Scientific Value Weights more than Being Open or Toll Access:An analysis of the OA advantage in Nature and Science

Purpose:We attempt to find out whether OA or TA really affects the dissemination of scientific discoveries.Design/methodology/approach:We design the indicators,hot-degree,and R-index to indicate a topic OA or TA advantages.First,according to the OA classification of the Web of Science(WoS),we collect data from the WoS by downloading OA and TA articles,letters,and reviews published in Nature and Science during 2010–2019.These papers are divided into three broad disciplines,namely biomedicine,physics,and others.Then,taking a discipline in a journal and using the classical Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)to cluster 100 topics of OA and TA papers respectively,we apply the Pearson correlation coefficient to match the topics of OA and TA,and calculate the hot-degree and R-index of every OA-TA topic pair.Finally,characteristics of the discipline can be presented.In qualitative comparison,we choose some high-quality papers which belong to Nature remarkable papers or Science breakthroughs,and analyze the relations between OA/TA and citation numbers.Findings:The result shows that OA hot-degree in biomedicine is significantly greater than that of TA,but significantly less than that of TA in physics.Based on the R-index,it is found that OA advantages exist in biomedicine and TA advantages do in physics.Therefore,the dissemination of average scientific discoveries in all fields is not necessarily affected by OA or TA.However,OA promotes the spread of important scientific discoveries in high-quality papers.Research limitations:We lost some citations by ignoring other open sources such as arXiv and bioArxiv.Another limitation came from that Nature employs some strong measures for access-promoting subscription-based articles,on which the boundary between OA and TA became fuzzy.Practical implications:It is useful to select hot topics in a set of publications by the hotdegree index.The finding comprehensively reflects the differences of OA and TA in different disciplines,which is a useful reference when researchers choose the publishing way as OA or TA.Originality/value:We propose a new method,including two indicators,to explore and measure OA or TA advantages.

A flexible pressure sensor with highly customizable sensitivity and linearity via positive design of microhierarchical structures with a hyperelastic model

The tactile pressure sensor is of great significance in flexible electronics,but sensitivity customization over the required working range with high linearity still remains a critical challenge.Despite numerous efforts to achieve high sensitivity and a wide working range,most sensitive microstructures tend to be obtained only by inverting naturally existing templates without rational design based on fundamental contact principles or models for piezoresistive pressure sensors.Here,a positive design strategy with a hyperelastic model and a Hertzian contact model for comparison was proposed to develop a flexible pressure sensor with highly customizable linear sensitivity and linearity,in which the microstructure distribution was precalculated according to the desired requirement prior to fabrication.As a proof of concept,three flexible pressure sensors exhibited sensitivities of 0.7,1.0,and 1.3 kPa−1 over a linear region of up to 200 kPa,with a low sensitivity error(<5%)and high linearity(~0.99),as expected.Based on the superior electromechanical performance of these sensors,potential applications in physiological signal recognition are demonstrated as well,and such a strategy could shed more light on demand-oriented scenarios,including designable working ranges and linear sensitivity for next-generation wearable devices.

Gai1/3 mediation of Akt-mTOR activation is important for RSPO3-induced angiogenesis

Dear Editor,R-spondin3(RSPO3)is essential for vascular development and angiogenesis.Analyzing RSPO3-knockout embryos revealed severe vascular defects in the placenta(Aoki et al.2007).In both Xenopus and murine embryos,RSPO3 KO led to significant vascular defects(Kazanskaya et al.2008)and embryonic death(Kazanskaya et al.2008).In the placenta,RSPO3 could promote vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)expression(Kazanskaya et al.2008).RSPO3 is a ligand of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6(LRP6)and leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptor 4(LGR4)to form a multiple ligands-receptors-cluster with Wnt and frizzled(FzD),thereby activating and amplifying downstreamβ-catenin signaling(in and Yoon 2012;Tocci et al.2020).

Phase-controlled photon blockade in optomechanical systems

The manipulation of photons is a key technology for obtaining optical quantum information.In this study,we present a phase-modulated optomechanical system comprising two coupled cavity resonators and illustrate the phase-controlled photon blockade in the system.The coupling phase of the cavities reveals the interference of photons and introduces an unconventional photon-blockade effect.We also study the influence of the energy level fineness on the photon blockade and resonant frequency of the mechanical mode.Numerical simulations demonstrate that photon blockade can occur over a wide range of system parameters.These results have several implications for understanding the role of the state phase in quantum cavity optomechanics and provide a promising method for the realization of optomechanical quantum devices using photon blockade.

YME1L overexpression exerts pro-tumorigenic activity in glioma by promoting Gai1 expression and Akt activation

DearEditor,Identifying novel glioma-driven signaling molecules and exploring the corresponding molecularly targeted therapies are essential for better and effcient glioma therapy.YME1L(YME1 Like 1 ATPase),a primary member of the AAA family of ATPase,is located at the inner mitochondrial membrane(Anand et al.,2014;MacVicar et al.,2019;Ohba et al.,2020).YME1L is essential for maintaining mitochondrial morphology,function,and plasticity(Anand et al.,2014;MacVicar et al.,2019;Ohba et al.,2020).YME1L assembles into a homo-oligomeric complex within the inner mitochondrial membrane(Anand et al.,2014;MacVicar et al.,2019;Ohba et al.,2020).Moreover,YME1L can degrade mitochondrial proteins,including lipid-transferring proteins,IM translocation proteins.

高维量子逻辑门及高维量子信息处理

量子计算与量子信息处理是涵盖了信息理论、计算机理论与量子力学的交叉学科,在信息、物理以及计算机等众多领域有着非常大的影响.量子特性在信息安全、信息容量以及计算速度的提高等方面都具有独特的优势.量子逻辑门是量子计算与量子信息处理中的一个关键模块,因此,如何构建一个合适的逻辑门也是现阶段热门的研究领域.此外,研究量子信息科学,纠缠光子对也是一个不可或缺的元素.目前有很多种产生纠缠光子对的理论和实验方案,例如参量下转换等方案.高维量子系统可以在很大程度上提高量子信道容量和信息存储空间,通过实现高维度量子逻辑门,能够提高量子计算与量子信息处理的速度.然而,直接由两个高维子系统相互作用构建高维逻辑门是很困难的.在这种情况下,即使要实现一个很小的高维逻辑电路,也会耗费大量二维逻辑门.本文主要介绍了利用纠缠光子对的偏振、频率和空间模式自由度实现的二维以及高维单自由度和多自由度的量子逻辑门方案,并探讨了这些方案在量子信息处理和量子计算等方面的应用以及发展趋势.

Chemical characteristics of haze particles in Xi＇an during Chinese Spring Festival： Impact of fireworks burning

Fireworks burning releases massive fine particles and gaseous pollutants, significantly deteriorating air quality during Chinese Lunar New Year （LNY） period. To investigate the impact of the fireworks burning on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry, 1-hr time resolution of PM2.5 samples in Xi＇an during the winter of 2016 including the LNY were collected and detected for inorganic ions, acidity and liquid water content （LWC） of the fine aerosols. PM2.5 during the LNY was 167 ± 87 μg/m^3, two times higher than the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard （75 μg/m^3）. K^＋ （28 wt.% of the total ion mass） was the most abundant ion in the LNY period, followed by SO^2-4 （25 wt.%） and C1^- （18 wt.%）. In contrast, NO^-3 （34 wt.%） was the most abundant species in the haze periods （hourly PM2.5 〉 75 μg/m^3）, followed by SO^2-4 （29.2 wt.%） and NH^＋4 （16.3 wt.%）, while SC94 （35 wt.%） was the most abundant species in the clean periods （hourly PM2.5 〈 75 μg/m^3）, followed by NO^-3 （23.1 wt.%） and NH^＋4 （11 wt.%）. Being different from the acidic nature in the non-LNY periods, aerosol in the LNY period presented an alkaline nature with a pH value of 7.8 ± 1.3. LWC during the LNY period showed a robust linear correlation with K2SO4 and KC1, suggesting that aerosol hygroscopicity was dominated by inorganic salts derived from fireworks burning. Analysis of correlations between the ratios of NO^-3/SO^2-4 and NH^＋4/SO^2-4 indicated that heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 with NH3 was an important formation pathway of particulate nitrate and ammonium during the LNY period.

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols （BSOA） derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau （a continental background site） and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations （R^2 = 0.44-0.90） between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites, suggesting that anthropogenic pollution （i.e., sulfate） could enhance SOA formation, because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode （〈3.3 μm） except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse （〉3.3 μm） modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.

Concentrating partially entangledW-class states on nonlocal atoms using low-Q optical cavity and linear optical elements

Entanglement plays an important role in quantum information science, especially in quantum communications. Here we present an efficient entanglement concentration protocol(ECP) for nonlocal atom systems in the partially entangled W-class states, using the single-photon input-output process regarding low-Q cavity and linear optical elements. Compared with previously published ECPs for the concentration of non-maximally entangled atomic states, our protocol is much simpler and more efficient as it employs the Faraday rotation in cavity quantum electrodynamics(QED) and the parameter-splitting method. The Faraday rotation requires the cavity with low-Q factor and weak coupling to the atom, which makes the requirement for entanglement concentration much less stringent than the previous methods, and achievable with current cavity QED techniques. The parameter-splitting method resorts to linear-optical elements only. This ECP has high efficiency and fidelity in realistic experiments, and some imperfections during the experiment can be avoided efficiently with currently available techniques.

Synthesis of NaYF_4:Nd@NaLuF_4@SiO_2@PS colloids for fluorescence imaging in the second biological window

Nd doped nanoparticles is commonly used as bioimaging agents but presents poor stability. Here, a polymer coating is applied to NaYF4：Nd nanoparticles using a versatile step-by-step coating strategy. The as-synthesized NaYF_4：Nd@NaLuF_4@SiO_2@PS colloids show good stability in various polar solvent and are very stable in water at least for 6 months. These NaYF_4：Nd@NaLuF_4@SiO_2@PS colloids can exhibit strong down converting photoluminescence when excited by 808 nm lasers. Moreover, these NaYF_4：Nd@NaLuF_4@SiO_2@PS colloids accumulate in liver of mice when used as bio-imaging agents. which exhibit strong fluorescence luminescence in NIR Ⅱ window.

Polymer-grafted hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles integrated with microneedle patches for glucose-responsive drug delivery

A glucose-mediated drug delivery system would be highly satisfactory fordiabetes diagnosis since it can intelligently release drug based on blood glucose levels.Herein,a glucose-responsive drug delivery system by integrating glucose-responsivepoly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)(PAPBA)functionalized hollow mesoporous silicananoparticles(HMSNs)with transcutaneous microneedles(MNs)has been designed.Thegrafted PAPBA serves as gatekeeper to prevent drug release from HMSNs atnormoglycemic levels.In contrast,faster drug release is detected at a typicalhyperglycemic level,which is due to the change of hydrophilicity of PAPBA at highglucose concentration.After transdermal administration to diabetic rats,an effectivehypoglycemic effect is achieved compared with that of subcutaneous injection.Theseobservations indicate that the designed glucose-responsive drug delivery system has apotential application in diabetes treatment.

An efficient approach to representing and mining knowledge from Qing court medical records

Research on Qing Court Medical Records （RQCMR） is a large-volume book which was edited and annotated by the sixth co-author Keji, Chen and his colleagues, and consists of all the medical records of imperial families and aristocrats of the Qing dynasty. To reveal and utilize their high value both in traditional Chinese medicine research and modem clinical practice, we have developed a method of transforming the Qing Court Medical Records （QCMR） into a computer-read- able, structured representation, so that statistical analysis and data mining can be accurately performed. The method consists of a frame ontology based medical language, called MedL, for representing QCMR, a parser for compiling MedL frames into a database, and an explorative pattem mining technique. With this method the entire RQCMR volume is transformed into a database and medical patterns may be mined from the database.

Gap induced mode evolution under the asymmetric structure in a plasmonic resonator system

The modulation of resonance features in microcavities is important to applications in nanophotonics.Based on the asymmetric whispering-gallery modes(WGMs)in a plasmonic resonator,we theoretically studied the mode evolution in an asymmetric WGM plasmonic system.Exploiting the gap or nano-scatter in the plasmonic ring cavity,the symmetry of the system will be broken and the standing wave in the cavity will be tunable.Based on this asymmetric structure,the output coupling rate between the two cavity modes can also be tuned.Moreover,the proposed method could further be applied for sensing and detecting the position of defects in a WGM system.

Mission-Oriented Mega-R&D Programs:Governance and Policy

Using the concepts of technology goal(T),effective organization(O),and market end-user(M),this paper proposes a TOM framework for analyzing the contextual characteristics of adoption of the MMRD model as a tool of R&D governance.Applying the framework to cases across multiple historical periods,sectors,and countries,we find that R&D with a clear and specific technology goal,dominance of R&D by government agencies,and public sectors as end-users create an appropriate scenario for a government to adopt the MMRD model,while in doing so the government should also take into consideration such factors as economic efficiency,national security,and public interests.We evaluate the TOM framework based on its application to China’s practice,particularly its ongoing mega-engineering programs(MEPs).Only a few MEPs under its national development plan are likely to be successful while others will likely not achieve their original aims.

The analysis of high-order sideband signals in optomechanical system

Cavity optomechanics[1,2]reveals the interaction between the optical mode and mechanical mode via radiation pressure.Recently,optomechanics is widely studied as an ideal interface between the optical field and microwave field,and the advantages of optomechanics show great potential for ap-

Prediction of Newhall navel orange internal quality based on digital microscopy

The traditional technology for internal quality detection of citrus fruit is believed to be destructive,inefficient,and error-prone.To address these issues,a novel method has been developed to evaluate nondestructively the sugar-acid ratio(SAR)of soluble solids by using the oil glands density(OGD).In this study,a total of 584 samples with different widths were collected.The sample data were correlated that the SAR and OGD decreased with time during storage.The relevance with time was significant between SAR and OGD of citrus positively correlated in the calibration group(R2=0.82),which indicated that OGD could be used to predict the internal quality of citrus.It indicated that a new generation of digital microscopy could provide an alternative to predict nondestructively the internal quality of citrus fruit,as well as some theoretical insight for further studies of online quality detection in the future.

Actual wellbore tortuosity evaluation using a new quasi-three-dimensional approach

The irregular wellbore trajectory caused by the wellbore deviation and fluctuation makes a significant effect on the torque and drag in extending and direction drilling,especially for wellbore trajectory with obvious deviation in the drilling direction.As a consequence,a new quasi-three-dimensional wellbore tortuosity evaluation method is developed.The new method incorporates the effect of fluctuation frequency and amplitude of oscillating wellbore trajectory;a weight coefficient index that quantifies the effect of tortuosity of one segment trajectory to the entire trajectory;a‘Peak-Valley’principle that can decompose the irregular wellbore trajectory in various scale lengths.The studies show that the deflection angle between the segments of tortuous wellbore increases the torque and drag by strengthening the contact behaviors between the drillstring and borehole.Therefore,the deflection angle is introduced to quantify the effect of deviation in the drilling direction on wellbore tortuosity.The evaluation results of two field cases demonstrate the new method which is adapted to the wellbore trajectory fluctuating with various characteristics and can reflect the actual state of wellbore tortuosity with severe oscillation more effectively and accurately.