Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) is a widespread air pollutant causing extensive injuries in plants.However,its effects on perennial energy crops remain poorly under-stood due to technical difficulties in cultivating fast-gr...Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) is a widespread air pollutant causing extensive injuries in plants.However,its effects on perennial energy crops remain poorly under-stood due to technical difficulties in cultivating fast-growing shrubs for biomass production under O_(3) treatment on the field.Here we present the results of a two-year evaluation in the framework of which willow(Salix sachalinensis F.Schmid)shrubs were exposed to ambient(AOZ)or elevated(EOZ)O_(3) in two successive growing seasons(2014,2015)and treated with 0(EDU0)or 400 mg L^(−1)(EDU400)eth-ylenediurea spray in the second growing season.In 2014,EOZ altered the chemical composition of both top young and fallen leaves,and a novel mechanism of decreasing Mg in fallen leaves while highly enriching it in young top leaves was revealed in shrubs exposed to EOZ.In 2015,EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced decreases in leaf fresh mass to dry mass ratio(FM/DM)and leaf mass per area(LMA).While EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rate at which leaves can fix carbon(A_(max))in O_(3)-asymptomatic leaves,it did not alle-viate EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rates of carboxylation(VCmax)and electron transport(J_(max))and chlorophylls a,b,and a+b in the same type of leaves.In O_(3)-symptomatic leaves,however,EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced suppression of chlorophylls a and a+b,indicating different mode of action of EDU between O_(3)-asymptomatic and O_(3)-symptomatic leaves.Extensive herbivory occurred only in AOZ-exposed plants,leading to suppressed biomass production,while EOZ also led to a similar suppression of biomass production(EDU0×EOZ vs.EDU400×EOZ).In 2016,carry-over effects were also evaluated following cropping and transplantation into new ambient plots.Effects of EOZ in the preceding growing seasons extended to the third growing season in the form of suppressed ratoon biomass production,indicating carry-over effect of EOZ.Although EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of biomass production when applied in 2015,there was no carry-over effect of EDU in the absence of EDU treatment in 2016.The results of this study provide novel mechanistic understandings of O_(3)and EDU modes of action and can enlighten cultivation of willow as energy crop.展开更多
Pixel-parallel PE and SIMD architectures are widely used in high-speed image processing to enhance computing power. With fully exploiting the data level parallelism of low- and middle-level image processing, SIMD arch...Pixel-parallel PE and SIMD architectures are widely used in high-speed image processing to enhance computing power. With fully exploiting the data level parallelism of low- and middle-level image processing, SIMD architecture is able to finish great amount of computation with much less instruction cycle thus satisfy the high-speed system requirement. The main computation parts in those SIMD image processing hardware is known as PE (processing element) and it is responsible for transferring, storing and processing the image data. This paper describes a high-speed vision system with superscalar PE to enhance system performance and its dedicated parallel computing language specifically devel-oped for this vision system. The vision system can achieve motion detection at more than 2000fps and face detection at more than 100 fps which overwhelms some general serial CPUs in the same applications.展开更多
Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9...Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.展开更多
The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-...The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)and Hi-C technologies to anchor the～1.47-Gb genome assembly into 18 pseudochromosomes.The chromosome-based genome analysis enabled us to establish a model of spurge chromosome evolution,since the common paleopolyploid event occurred before the split of Hevea and Manihot.We show recent and rapid bursts of the three Hevea-specific LTR-retrotransposon families during the last 10 million years,leading to the massive expansion by～65.88%(～970 Mbp)of the whole rubber tree genome since the divergence from Manihot.We identify large-scale expansion of genes associated with whole rubber biosynthesis processes,such as basal metabolic processes,ethylene biosynthesis,and the activation of polysaccharide and glycoprotein lectin,which are important properties for latex production.A map of genomic variation between the cultivated and wild rubber trees was obtained,which contains～15.7 million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms.We identified hundreds of candidate domestication genes with drastically lowered genomic diversity in the cultivated but not wild rubber trees despite a relatively short domestication history of rubber tree,some of which are involved in rubber biosynthesis.This genome assembly represents key resources for future rubber tree research and breeding,providing novel targets for improving plant biotic and abiotic tolerance and rubber production.展开更多
The phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays pivotal roles in triggering stomatal closure and facilitating adaptation of plants to drought stress.Hydrogen sulfide(H2S),a small signaling gas molecule,is involved in ABA-dep...The phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays pivotal roles in triggering stomatal closure and facilitating adaptation of plants to drought stress.Hydrogen sulfide(H2S),a small signaling gas molecule,is involved in ABA-dependent stomatal closure.However,how H2S regulates ABA signaling remains largely unclear.Here,we show that ABA induces the production of H2S catalyzed by L-CYSTEINE DESULFHYDRASE1(DES1)in guard cells,and H2S in turn positively regulates ABA signaling through persulfidation of Open Stomata 1(OST1)/SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2.6(SnRK2.6).Two cysteine(Cys)sites,Cys131 and Cys137,which are exposed on the surface of SnRK2.6 and close to the activation loop,were identified to be persulfidated,which promotes the activity of SnRK2.6 and its interaction with ABA response element-binding factor 2(ABF2),a transcription factor acting downstream of ABA signaling.When Cys131,Cys137,or both residues in SnRK2.6 were substituted with serine(S),H2S_induced SnRK2_6 activity and SnRK2.6-ABF2 interaction were partially(SnRK2.6c131s and SnRK2.6c137S)or completely(SnRK2.6c131sc137S)compromised.Introduction of SnRK2.6c131s,SnRK2.6c137S,or SnRK2.6c131sc137S into the ost1-3 mutant could not rescue the mutant phenotype:less sensitivity to ABA-and H2S-induced stomatal closure and Ca2+influx as well as increased water loss and decreased drought tolerance.Taken together,our study reveals a novel post-translational regulatory mechanism of ABA signaling whereby H2S persulfidates SnRK2.6 to promote ABA signaling and ABA-induced stomatal closure.展开更多
Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese t...Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese type)(Ming and Bartholomew,2007).Due to the high economic importance of the tea tree,considerable efforts have been made to explore genetic basis of the biosynthesis of natural metabolites that determine health benefits and diverse tea flavors(Shi et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Li et al.,2015;Xia et aL,2017;Liu et al.,2019).展开更多
Reasonable techniques and methods in biogas slurry application are significant for the promotion of biogas slurry and the improvement of crop quality in agricultural production.To investigate the impacts of different ...Reasonable techniques and methods in biogas slurry application are significant for the promotion of biogas slurry and the improvement of crop quality in agricultural production.To investigate the impacts of different biogas slurry application techniques on the water use efficiency,growth,yield,and quality of tomatoes,three irrigation techniques,and two application methods were considered in this study.The three irrigation techniques are alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI),fixed partial root-zone irrigation(FPRI),and two sides root-zone irrigation(TSRI).Two application methods refer to applying the biogas slurry with hole irrigation and surface irrigation.In addition,principal component analysis(PCA)and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)methods were adopted to evaluate the comprehensive quality and comprehensive indicators of tomatoes among different treatments.There are three hole irrigation treatments,T1(APRI),T2(TSRI),T3(FPRI),and three surface irrigation treatments,T4(APRI),T5(TSRI),and T6(FPRI)were set in two-season pot experiments.The results show that the plant height,dry matter accumulation,fruit yield,and water use efficiency present a similar descending trend for APRI,TSRI,and FPRI under the same methane irrigation method,yet show that the hole irrigation treatment was higher than the surface irrigation treatment for the same irrigation technique.These indicate that the coupling of APRI technique and hole irrigation is more conducive to the increase of plant production and water use efficiency.Meanwhile,T1 treatment can significantly improve the soluble sugar,sugar-acid ratio,VC content,soluble protein,soluble solid content,and firmness of tomato fruits,which are better for the taste,storage,and transportation of tomato fruit.The titratable acid content in tomato fruit is the highest in T2 treatment,followed by T5 treatment,indicating that TSRI technique may result in an accumulation of titratable acid and is not conducive to the taste of the tomato.The comprehensive nutritional quality and index evaluation results show that T1 treatment ranks the highest among all treatments,and can be used as an optimal irrigation method for the implementation of integrated water/biogas slurry.展开更多
A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for on-site analysis of royal demolition explosive（RDX） in water samples was developed based on the Berthelot reaction. The sensitivity and accuracy of an existing spe...A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for on-site analysis of royal demolition explosive（RDX） in water samples was developed based on the Berthelot reaction. The sensitivity and accuracy of an existing spectrophotometric method was improved by：replacing toxic chemicals with more stable and safer reagents; optimizing the reagent dose and reaction time; improving color stability; and eliminating the interference from inorganic nitrogen compounds in water samples. Cation and anion exchange resin cartridges were developed and used for sample pretreatment to eliminate the effect of ammonia and nitrate on RDX analyses. The detection limit of the method was determined to be 100 μg/L. The method was used successfully for analysis of RDX in untreated industrial wastewater samples. It can be used for on-site monitoring of RDX in wastewater for early detection of chemical spills and failure of wastewater treatment systems.展开更多
基金supported by grant#201802 of the Japan’s Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute(FFPRI)KAKENHI grant#JP17F17102 of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)+2 种基金Evgenios Agathokleous was an International Research Fellow(ID No:P17102)the JSPS,and JSPS is a non-profit,independent administrative institutionE.A acknowl-edges multi-year support from The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(NUIST),Nanjing,China(Grant No.003080).
文摘Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) is a widespread air pollutant causing extensive injuries in plants.However,its effects on perennial energy crops remain poorly under-stood due to technical difficulties in cultivating fast-growing shrubs for biomass production under O_(3) treatment on the field.Here we present the results of a two-year evaluation in the framework of which willow(Salix sachalinensis F.Schmid)shrubs were exposed to ambient(AOZ)or elevated(EOZ)O_(3) in two successive growing seasons(2014,2015)and treated with 0(EDU0)or 400 mg L^(−1)(EDU400)eth-ylenediurea spray in the second growing season.In 2014,EOZ altered the chemical composition of both top young and fallen leaves,and a novel mechanism of decreasing Mg in fallen leaves while highly enriching it in young top leaves was revealed in shrubs exposed to EOZ.In 2015,EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced decreases in leaf fresh mass to dry mass ratio(FM/DM)and leaf mass per area(LMA).While EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rate at which leaves can fix carbon(A_(max))in O_(3)-asymptomatic leaves,it did not alle-viate EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rates of carboxylation(VCmax)and electron transport(J_(max))and chlorophylls a,b,and a+b in the same type of leaves.In O_(3)-symptomatic leaves,however,EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced suppression of chlorophylls a and a+b,indicating different mode of action of EDU between O_(3)-asymptomatic and O_(3)-symptomatic leaves.Extensive herbivory occurred only in AOZ-exposed plants,leading to suppressed biomass production,while EOZ also led to a similar suppression of biomass production(EDU0×EOZ vs.EDU400×EOZ).In 2016,carry-over effects were also evaluated following cropping and transplantation into new ambient plots.Effects of EOZ in the preceding growing seasons extended to the third growing season in the form of suppressed ratoon biomass production,indicating carry-over effect of EOZ.Although EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of biomass production when applied in 2015,there was no carry-over effect of EDU in the absence of EDU treatment in 2016.The results of this study provide novel mechanistic understandings of O_(3)and EDU modes of action and can enlighten cultivation of willow as energy crop.
文摘Pixel-parallel PE and SIMD architectures are widely used in high-speed image processing to enhance computing power. With fully exploiting the data level parallelism of low- and middle-level image processing, SIMD architecture is able to finish great amount of computation with much less instruction cycle thus satisfy the high-speed system requirement. The main computation parts in those SIMD image processing hardware is known as PE (processing element) and it is responsible for transferring, storing and processing the image data. This paper describes a high-speed vision system with superscalar PE to enhance system performance and its dedicated parallel computing language specifically devel-oped for this vision system. The vision system can achieve motion detection at more than 2000fps and face detection at more than 100 fps which overwhelms some general serial CPUs in the same applications.
基金This work was supported by the project of Yunnan Innovation Team Project, the Hundreds Oversea Talents Program of Yunnan Province, the Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （Grant 20080A009）, the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （201401 PC00397）, National Science Foundation of China （U0936603）, Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （2008CC016）, Frontier Grant of Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS （672705232515）, Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （20080A009）, and Hundreds Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） （to L.G.）.
文摘Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.
基金supported by Yunnan Innovation Team Project and the start-up grant from South China Agricultural University(to L.G.).
文摘The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)and Hi-C technologies to anchor the～1.47-Gb genome assembly into 18 pseudochromosomes.The chromosome-based genome analysis enabled us to establish a model of spurge chromosome evolution,since the common paleopolyploid event occurred before the split of Hevea and Manihot.We show recent and rapid bursts of the three Hevea-specific LTR-retrotransposon families during the last 10 million years,leading to the massive expansion by～65.88%(～970 Mbp)of the whole rubber tree genome since the divergence from Manihot.We identify large-scale expansion of genes associated with whole rubber biosynthesis processes,such as basal metabolic processes,ethylene biosynthesis,and the activation of polysaccharide and glycoprotein lectin,which are important properties for latex production.A map of genomic variation between the cultivated and wild rubber trees was obtained,which contains～15.7 million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms.We identified hundreds of candidate domestication genes with drastically lowered genomic diversity in the cultivated but not wild rubber trees despite a relatively short domestication history of rubber tree,some of which are involved in rubber biosynthesis.This genome assembly represents key resources for future rubber tree research and breeding,providing novel targets for improving plant biotic and abiotic tolerance and rubber production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31700445,31400246)Shaanxi Province Natural Science Foundation of China(2018JM3017,2018JQ3020)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M641022).
文摘The phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays pivotal roles in triggering stomatal closure and facilitating adaptation of plants to drought stress.Hydrogen sulfide(H2S),a small signaling gas molecule,is involved in ABA-dependent stomatal closure.However,how H2S regulates ABA signaling remains largely unclear.Here,we show that ABA induces the production of H2S catalyzed by L-CYSTEINE DESULFHYDRASE1(DES1)in guard cells,and H2S in turn positively regulates ABA signaling through persulfidation of Open Stomata 1(OST1)/SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2.6(SnRK2.6).Two cysteine(Cys)sites,Cys131 and Cys137,which are exposed on the surface of SnRK2.6 and close to the activation loop,were identified to be persulfidated,which promotes the activity of SnRK2.6 and its interaction with ABA response element-binding factor 2(ABF2),a transcription factor acting downstream of ABA signaling.When Cys131,Cys137,or both residues in SnRK2.6 were substituted with serine(S),H2S_induced SnRK2_6 activity and SnRK2.6-ABF2 interaction were partially(SnRK2.6c131s and SnRK2.6c137S)or completely(SnRK2.6c131sc137S)compromised.Introduction of SnRK2.6c131s,SnRK2.6c137S,or SnRK2.6c131sc137S into the ost1-3 mutant could not rescue the mutant phenotype:less sensitivity to ABA-and H2S-induced stomatal closure and Ca2+influx as well as increased water loss and decreased drought tolerance.Taken together,our study reveals a novel post-translational regulatory mechanism of ABA signaling whereby H2S persulfidates SnRK2.6 to promote ABA signaling and ABA-induced stomatal closure.
基金This study was supported by a startup grant from the South China Agricultural University and Yunnan Innovation Team Project(to L.-Z.G.).E.E.E.is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
文摘Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese type)(Ming and Bartholomew,2007).Due to the high economic importance of the tea tree,considerable efforts have been made to explore genetic basis of the biosynthesis of natural metabolites that determine health benefits and diverse tea flavors(Shi et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Li et al.,2015;Xia et aL,2017;Liu et al.,2019).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51969012)Red Willow First-class Discipline Project of Lanzhou University of Technology(Grant No.0807J1)the Industry Supporting and Guiding Project of Gansu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.2019C-13,2021CYZC-27,2021CYZC-33).
文摘Reasonable techniques and methods in biogas slurry application are significant for the promotion of biogas slurry and the improvement of crop quality in agricultural production.To investigate the impacts of different biogas slurry application techniques on the water use efficiency,growth,yield,and quality of tomatoes,three irrigation techniques,and two application methods were considered in this study.The three irrigation techniques are alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI),fixed partial root-zone irrigation(FPRI),and two sides root-zone irrigation(TSRI).Two application methods refer to applying the biogas slurry with hole irrigation and surface irrigation.In addition,principal component analysis(PCA)and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)methods were adopted to evaluate the comprehensive quality and comprehensive indicators of tomatoes among different treatments.There are three hole irrigation treatments,T1(APRI),T2(TSRI),T3(FPRI),and three surface irrigation treatments,T4(APRI),T5(TSRI),and T6(FPRI)were set in two-season pot experiments.The results show that the plant height,dry matter accumulation,fruit yield,and water use efficiency present a similar descending trend for APRI,TSRI,and FPRI under the same methane irrigation method,yet show that the hole irrigation treatment was higher than the surface irrigation treatment for the same irrigation technique.These indicate that the coupling of APRI technique and hole irrigation is more conducive to the increase of plant production and water use efficiency.Meanwhile,T1 treatment can significantly improve the soluble sugar,sugar-acid ratio,VC content,soluble protein,soluble solid content,and firmness of tomato fruits,which are better for the taste,storage,and transportation of tomato fruit.The titratable acid content in tomato fruit is the highest in T2 treatment,followed by T5 treatment,indicating that TSRI technique may result in an accumulation of titratable acid and is not conducive to the taste of the tomato.The comprehensive nutritional quality and index evaluation results show that T1 treatment ranks the highest among all treatments,and can be used as an optimal irrigation method for the implementation of integrated water/biogas slurry.
文摘A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for on-site analysis of royal demolition explosive（RDX） in water samples was developed based on the Berthelot reaction. The sensitivity and accuracy of an existing spectrophotometric method was improved by：replacing toxic chemicals with more stable and safer reagents; optimizing the reagent dose and reaction time; improving color stability; and eliminating the interference from inorganic nitrogen compounds in water samples. Cation and anion exchange resin cartridges were developed and used for sample pretreatment to eliminate the effect of ammonia and nitrate on RDX analyses. The detection limit of the method was determined to be 100 μg/L. The method was used successfully for analysis of RDX in untreated industrial wastewater samples. It can be used for on-site monitoring of RDX in wastewater for early detection of chemical spills and failure of wastewater treatment systems.
