Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeata...Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂replacing＂ the animals used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical questions.In this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior.展开更多
RGB displays effectively simulate millions of colors in the eyes of humans by modulating the rela-tive amount of light emitted by 3 differently colored juxtaposed lights （red, green, and blue）. Therelationship betwe...RGB displays effectively simulate millions of colors in the eyes of humans by modulating the rela-tive amount of light emitted by 3 differently colored juxtaposed lights （red, green, and blue）. Therelationship between the ratio of red, green, and blue light and the perceptual experience of thatlight has been well defined by psychophysical experiments in humans, but is unknown in animals.The perceptual experience of an animal looking at an RGB display of imagery designed for humansis likely to poorly represent an animal＇s experience of the same stimulus in the real world. This isdue, in part, to the fact that many animals have different numbers of photoreceptor classes thanhumans do and that their photoreceptor classes have peak sensitivities centered over differentparts of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. However, it is sometimes possible to generate videosthat accurately mimic natural stimuli in the eyes of another animal, even if that animal＇s sensitivityextends into the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. How independently each RGB phosphor stimu-lates each of an animal＇s photoreceptor classes determines the range of colors that can be simu-lated for that animal. What is required to determine optimal color rendering for another animal is adevice capable of measuring absolute or relative quanta of light across the portion of the spectrumvisible to the animal （i.e., a spectrometer）, and data on the spectral sensitivities of the animal＇sphotoreceptor classes. In this article, we outline how to use such equipment and information togenerate video stimuli that mimic, as closely as possible, an animal＇s color perceptual experienceof real-world objects.展开更多
文摘Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂replacing＂ the animals used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical questions.In this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior.
文摘RGB displays effectively simulate millions of colors in the eyes of humans by modulating the rela-tive amount of light emitted by 3 differently colored juxtaposed lights （red, green, and blue）. Therelationship between the ratio of red, green, and blue light and the perceptual experience of thatlight has been well defined by psychophysical experiments in humans, but is unknown in animals.The perceptual experience of an animal looking at an RGB display of imagery designed for humansis likely to poorly represent an animal＇s experience of the same stimulus in the real world. This isdue, in part, to the fact that many animals have different numbers of photoreceptor classes thanhumans do and that their photoreceptor classes have peak sensitivities centered over differentparts of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. However, it is sometimes possible to generate videosthat accurately mimic natural stimuli in the eyes of another animal, even if that animal＇s sensitivityextends into the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. How independently each RGB phosphor stimu-lates each of an animal＇s photoreceptor classes determines the range of colors that can be simu-lated for that animal. What is required to determine optimal color rendering for another animal is adevice capable of measuring absolute or relative quanta of light across the portion of the spectrumvisible to the animal （i.e., a spectrometer）, and data on the spectral sensitivities of the animal＇sphotoreceptor classes. In this article, we outline how to use such equipment and information togenerate video stimuli that mimic, as closely as possible, an animal＇s color perceptual experienceof real-world objects.
