In Germany, all types of radioactive wastes will be disposed of in deep geological repositories. While a repository for low-level radioactive waste （LLW） has recently been licensed, different host rock formations ar...In Germany, all types of radioactive wastes will be disposed of in deep geological repositories. While a repository for low-level radioactive waste （LLW） has recently been licensed, different host rock formations are considered for disposal of heat producing high-level waste （HLW）. The latter includes directly disposed spent fuel （SF） and vitrified waste from its reprocessing. Different canisters and disposal concepts are considered for spent fuel disposal, i.e. thick-walled iron casks in horizontal drifts or thin-walled BSK3 steel casks in vertical boreholes. GRS is the leading expert institution in Germany concerning nuclear safety and waste management. For the recent 30 years, GRS has developed and continuously improves a set of computer codes, which allow assessing the performance and the long-term safety of repositories in various host rocks （salt, clay or granite） adopting different technical options. Advanced methods for deterministic as well as probabilistic assessments are available. To characterize the host rocks and backfill/buffer materials and to develop disposal technologies, comprehensive laboratory experiments and a large number of in-situ tests have been performed at GRS＇ geo-laboratory and underground research laboratories in different host formations. Thermo-hydro-mechanico-chemical （THMC） processes occurring in the host rocks and engineered barrier systems are numerically simulated. The paper presents an overview of GRS＇ work highlighting important results of performance assessment （PA） studies for both the salt and clay options. Also, recent results of in-situ investigations and laboratory studies are presented together with modeling results. Special emphasis is dedicated to the consideration of coupled THM processes which are of relevance in PA.展开更多
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology(BMWi)and the Commission of the European Communities
文摘In Germany, all types of radioactive wastes will be disposed of in deep geological repositories. While a repository for low-level radioactive waste （LLW） has recently been licensed, different host rock formations are considered for disposal of heat producing high-level waste （HLW）. The latter includes directly disposed spent fuel （SF） and vitrified waste from its reprocessing. Different canisters and disposal concepts are considered for spent fuel disposal, i.e. thick-walled iron casks in horizontal drifts or thin-walled BSK3 steel casks in vertical boreholes. GRS is the leading expert institution in Germany concerning nuclear safety and waste management. For the recent 30 years, GRS has developed and continuously improves a set of computer codes, which allow assessing the performance and the long-term safety of repositories in various host rocks （salt, clay or granite） adopting different technical options. Advanced methods for deterministic as well as probabilistic assessments are available. To characterize the host rocks and backfill/buffer materials and to develop disposal technologies, comprehensive laboratory experiments and a large number of in-situ tests have been performed at GRS＇ geo-laboratory and underground research laboratories in different host formations. Thermo-hydro-mechanico-chemical （THMC） processes occurring in the host rocks and engineered barrier systems are numerically simulated. The paper presents an overview of GRS＇ work highlighting important results of performance assessment （PA） studies for both the salt and clay options. Also, recent results of in-situ investigations and laboratory studies are presented together with modeling results. Special emphasis is dedicated to the consideration of coupled THM processes which are of relevance in PA.
