Anisotropy of the Wear Behavior for Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced 6061Al Composites

Carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced 6061Al(CNT/6061Al)composites with directionally aligned CNT were fabricated,and their wear behavior was investigated.The results indicate that the wear properties of CNT/6061Al composites exhibited a significant anisotropy.A certain CNT concentrations(1 wt%and 2 wt%)could effectively improve the wear resistance of CNT/6061Al composites along the CNT circumferential and CNT radial directions for the load transfer,grain refinement and self-lubrication effect of CNT.The Brass{011}<211>and{112}<110>textures inhibited the load transfer effect of CNT along the CNT radial direction,resulting in a better wear resistance along CNT circumferential direction than CNT radial direction.Along the CNT axial direction,the weak deformability of composites caused by the intensifying<111>fiber texture was the main reasons for the poor wear resistance of CNT/6061Al composites with increasing CNT concentration.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-side friction stir welded 6082Al ultra-thick plates

In the present work,80 mm thick 6082Al alloy plates were successfully double-side welded by friction stir welding(FSW).The relationship between the microstructures and mechanical properties was built for the double-side FSW butt joint with more attention paid to the local characteristic zones.It was shown that a phenomenon of microstructural inhomogeneity existed in the nugget zone(NZ)through the thickness direction.The grain size presented an obvious gradient distribution from the top to the bottom for each single-pass weld,and the microhardness values decreased from both surfaces to the middle of the NZ.The lowest hardness zone(LHZ)exhibited a"hyperbolical"-shaped distribution extending to the middle of the NZ.Similar tensile properties were obtained in the three sliced specimens of the FSW joint,and the joint coefficient reached about 70%which achieved the same level as the conventional FSW Al alloy joints.Finite element modeling proved that the"hyperbolical"-shaped heat affected zone(HAZ)was beneficial to resisting the strain concentration in the middle layer specimen which helped to increase the tensile strength.Based on the analysis of the hardness contour map,tensile property and microstructural evolution of the joints,an Isothermal Softening Layer(ISL)model was proposed and established,which may have a helpful guidance for the optimization on the FSW of ultra-thick Al alloy plates.

Effects of welding speed on the multiscale residual stresses in frictionstir welded metal matrix composites

The effects of welding speed on the macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses(RSes) in friction stir welded 17 vol.% SiCp/2009 Al-T4 composite plates were studied via neutron diffraction and an improved decoupled hierarchical multiscale modeling methods. Measurements showed that the macroscopic and total RSes had the largest variations in the longitudinal direction(LD). Increasing the welding speed led to higher values of measured LD macroscopic and total RSes in the matrix. The welding speed also significantly influenced the distributions and magnitudes of the microscopic RSes. The RSes were predicted via an improved hierarchical multiscale model, which includes a constant coefficient of friction based thermal model. The RSes in the composite plates before friction stir welding(FSW) were computed and then set as the initial states of the FSW process during modeling. This improved decoupled multiscale model provided improved predictions of the temperature and RSes compared with our previous model.

Effect of heat-input on pitting corrosion behavior of friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel

In this study, different welding param eters were selected to investigate the effects of heat-in put on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel joints. The results show ed that, the welding speed had major influence on the duration at elevated tem perature rather than the peak tem perature. The hardness distribution and tensile properties of the nugget zones (NZs) for various joints were very similar while the pitting corrosion behavior of various NZs showed major differences. Large heat-input resulted in the ferrite bands being the pitting location, while tool wear bands were sensitive to pitting corrosion in the low heat-input joints. Cr diffusion and tool wear were the main reasons for pitting. The mechanisms of pitting corrosion in the NZs were analyzed in detail.

Pinless Friction Stir Spot Welding of Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy with Zn Interlayer

With the addition of a thin Zn interlayer, 2.4 mm thick Mg-3AI-1Zn alloy sheets were friction stir spot welded （FSSW） using a pinless tool with fiat, convex and concave shoulder shapes. The results showed that an alloying reaction took place between the Mg substrate and Zn interlayer during FSSW, forming a discontinuous intermetallics layer composed of dispersive （α-Mg ＋ MgZn） eutectic structure under- neath the shoulder and a Mg-Zn intermetallics bonding zone at the outside of the joints. This alloying reaction increased the bonded area and eliminated the hook defects, thereby producing sound FSSWjoints with a shallow keyhole without hook defects. The increase of plunge depth was beneficial to the Mg-Zn diffusion, thereby increasing the tensile-shear load of the joints. However, excessive plunge depths re- sulted in a decrease of the effective sheet thickness, reducing the strength of the joints. At a small plunge depth, the convex and concave shoulders were more beneficial to the interface reaction than the fiat shoul- der. The maximum joint load of 6.6 kN was achieved by using the concave shoulder at a plunge depth of 1.0 mm. A post-welding heat treatment promoted the dissolution of the discontinuous reaction layer in the joints; however, it led to the occurrence of void defects, influencing the bonding strength.

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Friction-Stir-Welded DP1180 Advanced Ultrahigh Strength Steel

Friction stir lap welding of a DP1180 advanced ultrahigh strength steel was successfully carried out by using three welding tools with different pin lengths. The effects of the welding heat input and material flow on the microstructure evolution of the joints were analyzed in detail. The relationship between pin length and mechanical properties of lap joints was studied. The results showed that the peak temperatures of all joints exceeded A c3, and martensite phases with similar morphologies were formed in the stir zones. These martensite retained good toughness due to the self-tempering effect. The formation of ferrite and tempered martensite was the main reason for the hardness reduction in heat-affected zone. The mechanical properties of the lap joints were determined by loading mode, features of lap interface and the joint defects. When the stir pin was inserted into the lower sheet with a depth of 0.4 mm, the lap joint exhibited the maximum tensile strength of 12.4 kN.

Achieving a strong polypropylene/aluminum alloy friction spot joint via a surface laser processing pretreatment

Strong metal/non-polar plastic dissimilar joints are highly demanded for the lightweight design in many fields,which,however,are rather challenging to achieve directly via welding.In this study,we designed a laser processing pretreatment on the Al alloy to create a deep porous Al surface structure,which was successfully joined to the polypropylene(PP) via friction spot welding.A maximum joint strength of29 MPa was achieved,the same as that of the base PP(i.e.the joint efficiency reached 100%),much larger than ever reported.The joining mechanism of the Al alloy and the PP was mainly attributed to the large mechanical interlocking effect between the laser processed Al porous structure and the re-solidified PP and the formation of chemical bond at the interface.The deep porous Al surface structure modified by laser processing largely changed the Al-PP reaction feature.The evidence of the C-O-Al chemical bond was first time found at the non-polar plastic/Al joint interface,which was the reaction result between the oxide on the Al alloy surface and thermal oxidization products of the PP during welding.This study provides a new way for enhancing metal-plastic joints via surface laser treatment techniques.

Shape Memory Alloy-Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composites:A Review

Metal-matrix composites reinforced with shape memory alloys （SMA, including long fiber, short fiber, and particle） are ＂intelligent materials＂ with many special physical and mechanical properties, such as high damping property, high tensile strength, and fatigue resistance. In this review article, the fabrication method, microstructure, interface reaction, modeling, and physical and mechanical properties of the composites are addressed. Particular emphasis has been given to （a） fabrication and microstructure of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SMAs, and （b） shape memory effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. While the bulk of the information is related to aluminum matrix composites, important results are now available for other metal-matrix composites.

Effect of static annealing on superplastic behavior of a friction stir welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy joint and microstructural evolution during deformation

Structural integration is one of the most critical developing directions in the modern aerospace field,in which large-scale complex components of Ti alloys are proposed to be fabricated via the method of welding + superplastic forming.However,the undesired strain localization appeared during superplastic deformation of the entire joint has largely hindered the development of this method.In our study,a combination process of friction stir welding(FSW) + static annealing+ superplastic deformation was first time proposed to eliminate severe local deformation.To achieve this result,a fully fine lamellar structure was obtained in the nugget zone(NZ) via FSW,which was totally different from the mill-annealed structure in the base material(BM).After annealing at 900℃ for 180 min,the BM and NZ then exhibited the similar elongation of> 500% and similar flow stress at 900 ℃,3 × 10^(-3)s^(-1),which was the precondition for achieving uniform superplastic deformation in the entire joint.Moreover,the different microstructures in the BM and NZ tended to become the similar equiaxed structure after deformation,which was the result of different microstructural evolution mechanisms in the NZ and BM.For the NZ,there was a static and dynamic spheroidization of the fully lamellar structure during the process,which could largely reduce the flow softening of the fully lamellar structure.For the BM,a new view of "Langdon-CRSS theory"(CRSS,critical resolved shear stress) was proposed to describe the fragmentation of the coarse equiaxed structure,which established the relationship between grain boundary sliding and intragranular deformation during deformation.

Friction Stir Welding of Discontinuously Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites:A Review

Friction stir welding （FSW） is considered a promising welding technique for joining the aluminum matrix composites （AMCs） to avoid the drawbacks of the fusion welding. High joint efficiencies of 60%-100% could be obtained in the FSW joints of AMCs. However, due to the existence of hard reinforcing particles in the AMCs, the wearing of welding tool during FSW is an unavoidable problem. Moreover, the low ductility of the AMCs limits the welding process window. As the hard materials such as Ferro-Titanit alloy, cermet, and WC/Co were applied to produce the welding tools, the wearing of the tools was significantly reduced and the sound joints could be achieved at high welding speed for the AMCs with low reinforcement volume fraction. In this article, current state of understanding and development of welding tool wearing and FSW parameters of AMCs are viewed. Furthermore, the factors affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints are evaluated in detail.

Evolution mechanisms of microstructure and mechanical properties in a friction stir welded ultrahigh-strength quenching and partitioning steel

Ultrahigh-strength quenching and partitioning(Q&P) steels have attracted strong interests in the auto manufactory,while the comprehensive understanding in the microstructure and mechanical behavior of their welded joints is highly needed to enrich their applications.In the present work,it is designed to make an insight into these imperative conundrums.Equal strength Q&P 1180 steel joints to parent metal were successfully fabricated via friction stir welding(FSW) technique under different parameters. Apparent hardening and softening were observed in stir zone(SZ) and heat-affected zone(HAZ) respectively,whose microstructures strongly depended on the peak temperature and cooling rate during welding.The formation of fresh martensite was the main mechanism for the SZ hardening,while the decomposition of metastable phases played key roles in the microhardness drop of the HAZ.A heat source zone-isothermal phase transition layer model was proposed to clarify the impregnability of the joint strength under parameter variation.The dual-phase structure,nano-carbide particles,tempered initial martensite,and ultrafine-grained ferrite synergistically improved the strain hardening ability of the HAZ,which eventually resulted in the equal strength FSW joints.

Influencing mechanism of pre-existing nanoscale Al5Fe2 phase on Mg-Fe interface in friction stir spot welded Al-free ZK60-Q235 joint

Al-free ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy sheet was selected as substrate material of Mg-steel pinless friction stir spot welding (FSSW), avoiding the effect of the Al element in the substrate on the alloying reaction of Mg-iron (Fe) interface. The sound FSSW joint of ZK60 Mg alloy and Q235 steel with a hot-dipped aluminum (Al)-containing zinc (Zn) coating was successfully realized. The detailed microstructural examinations proved that Al5Fe2 phase at the Mg-Fe interface came from the pre-existing Al5Fe2 phase in the coating and acted as the transition layer for promoting the metallurgical bonding of Mg and Fe. The interfaces with well-matched lattice sites among Fe, Al5Fe2 and Mg were formed during FSSW. A low energy interface with good match of lattice sites ((002)Al5Fe2//(110)Fe, [110]Al5Fe2//[113]Fe) between Al5Fe2 and Fe was identified. For the interface between Al5Fe2 and Mg, an orientation relationship of (622)Al5Fe2//(3112)Mgand[158]Al5Fe2//[2423]Mg was observed. The tensile-shear load of the ZK60-steel joint could reach 4.6 kN. Moreover, the joint fracture occurred at the interface between the Al5Fe2 layer and the Mg alloy substrate, suggesting the brittle fracture characteristic.

Achieving superior mechanical properties of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg via direct aging treatment

For additive manufactured aluminum alloys,the inferior mechanical properties along the building direction have been a serious weakness.In this study,an optimized heat treatment was developed as a simple and effective solution.The effects of direct aging on microstructure and mechanical properties along the building direction of AlSi10Mg samples produced via selective laser melting(SLM)were investigated.The results showed that,compared with the conventional heat treatment at elevated temperatures,direct aging at temperatures of 130-190℃ could retain the fine grain microstructure of SLM samples and promote further precipitation of Si phase,however,the growth of pores occurred during direct aging.With increasing aging temperature,while finer cell structures were obtained,more and larger pores were developed,resulting in decreased density of the samples.Two types of pore formation mechanisms were identified.Considering the balance between the refinement of cell structure and the growth of pores,aging at 130℃ was determined as the optimized heat treatment for SLM AlSi10Mg samples.The tensile strength along the building direction of the 130℃ aged sample was increased from 403 MPa to 451 MPa,with relatively high elongation of 6.5%.

Effect of post weld artificial aging and water cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2198-T8 Al-Li joints

Friction stir welding(FSW)under both air cooling and water cooling conditions with welding parameters of 800-1200 rpm rotation rates and 50-200 mm/min welding speeds was carried out on 2198-T8 Al-Li alloys,and post weld artificial aging was performed on the air cooled joints.No welding defects other than lazy S were observed in the nugget zone(NZ)for all joints.Under air cooling condition,the lowest hardness zone(LHZ)occurred in the heat affected zone(HAZ).FSW resulted in gradual dissolution of original T_(1),θ′andδ′/β′from the base material(BM)to the thermo-mechanically affected zone(TMAZ),and complete dissolution of all precipitates in the NZ withδ′/β′and Guinier-Preston zones precipitating during cooling.The air cooled joints exhibited no noticeable changes in intrinsic tensile strength with a joint strength reaching 81.3%of the BM,but varied elongation with welding parameters,which was closely related to failure in the NZ and fracture along lazy S.Post weld artificial aging led to the largest hardness recovery in the TMAZ but smaller hardness recovery in the initial LHZ and the NZ.Different aging kinetics across the joint was determined by volume fraction of both original precipitate dissolu-tion during welding and coarse particles formed during aging,and by dislocation density inherited from welding.Post weld artificial aging greatly enhanced the joint strength with the ultimate tensile strength reaching 87.3%of the BM.As compared to air cooling condition,water cooling hardly affected the NZ hardness and did not improve the joint strength,and the reason was discussed in light of precipitates,hardness changes and fracture behavior.

Shape Memory Effect,Thermal Expansion and Damping Property of Friction Stir Processed NiTip/Al Composite

NiTi particles reinforced aluminum （NiTip/Al） composite was prepared via friction stir processing, elimi- nating interfacial reaction and/or elemental diffusion. The NiTip in the composite maintained the intrinsic characteristic of a reversible thermoelastic phase transformation even after heat-treatment. The shape memory characteristic of the NiTip decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion of the Al matrix, and an apparent two-way shape memory effect was observed in the composite. The composite owned a good combination of adjustable damping and thermal physical properties.

Static spheroidization and its effect on superplasticity of fine lamellae in nugget of a friction stir welded Ti-6Al-4V joint

The spheroidization of the lamellar structure can greatly contribute to the superplasticity of the nugget zone(NZ)of Ti alloy welds,which is the key to achieve the integral superplastic forming of welds for the fabrication of large-scale complex components.However,the spheroidization process is complex and costly since it cannot be obtained generally,unless the lamellae suffers from a large deformation.In this study,the static spheroidization was achieved for the fine lamellae structure in the nugget of a friction stir welded(FSW)Ti-6Al-4V joint,particularly by the annealing without any deformation.The specialα/βinterface obeying a Burgers orientation relationship(BOR)after FSW was first time directly observed,whose effect on the spheroidization was discussed.A new static spheroidization mechanism with the gradual coalescence of the adjacent lamellae was discovered,which we named as“termination coalescence”.There was a slower coarsening rate in the lamellar structure than in the classical equiaxed one,due to the BOR in the lamellae,although both of them exhibited a volume diffusion character during annealing.Consequently,the similar superplasticity can be achieved for the base material and NZ after annealing.This study can provide a new way to the spheroidization and a theoretical basis for the integral superplastic forming of welds during production.