国家实验室科研创新方向的导控机制研究

国家实验室是国立科研机构的代表,在“新型举国体制”科技创新战略指导下,重要性日益突显。经过多年的发展,实验室的使命和定位开始明确,但仍存在“政府导向”和“自由探索”取舍与权衡的争议,科研创新方向的导控问题将严重影响实验室职能的发挥。国家实验室在国外的发展已有几十年,本文分析比较了美国能源部、国防部下属的国家实验室和德国亥姆霍兹联合会的发展历程,发现他们都确立了政府导向的主体地位,严格把控战略方向,同时政府不直接管理日常活动,保留部分自由探索空间。这种宏观理念配合完善的管理制度既保证了机构使命的实现,又保障了实验室的高效运行,对我国国家实验室的建设和发展具有重要借鉴意义。

A low-energy ion spectrometer with half-space entrance for three-axis stabilized spacecraft

A low-energy ion spectrometer(LEIS) for use aboard three-axis stabilized spacecraft has been developed to measure ion energy per charge distribution in three-dimensional space with good energy-, angular-and temporal-resolutions. For the standard top-hat electrostatic analyzer used widely in space plasma detection, three-axis stabilized spacecraft makes it difficult to obtain complete coverage of all possible ion arrival directions. We have designed angular scanning deflectors supplementing to a cylindrically symmetric top-hat electrostatic analyzer to provide a half-space field of view as 360°×90°(–45°–+45°), and fabricated the LEIS flight model for detecting magnetospheric ions in geosynchronous orbit. The performance of this payload has been evaluated in detail by a series of simulation and environmental tests, and the payload has also been calibrated through laboratory experiments using a low-energy ion source. The results show that capabilities of the LEIS payload are in accordance with the requirements of a magnetospheric mission.

依托世界一流大学的国家实验室绩效评估研究——以美国普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室为例

国家实验室绩效评估不仅可以保证财政科技投入满足国家战略需求,提高其使用效率,还可以及时发现国家实验室存在的问题,提出改进的意见。本文以美国普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室为例,详述了国家实验室绩效评估的流程、方法、内容、结果、应用及普林斯顿大学在评估过程中所做的贡献。最后针对我国国家实验室未来的绩效评估提出若干探索性建议。