老年髋部骨折围术期风险及术后1年效果评估

目的：了解老年髋部骨折患者围术期情况及术后1年结局并探讨进一步降低手术风险、提高手术疗效的可能措施。方法回顾性地分析复旦大学附属华东医院2010年1月～12月因髋部骨折住院并施行手术治疗的老年患者234例（年龄≥60岁），通过病史查阅及电话随访，记录患者年龄、性别、髋部骨折类型、手术前后营养状况（BMI、血浆白蛋白水平、血红蛋白水平）、日常生活能力、认知功能、主要伴发疾病、手术方式、麻醉方式、术后并发症等。结果（1）老年人占髋部骨折总数92.36%（278/301），女性多于男性。（2）术前身体状况多处于ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级之间，认知功能多在正常或轻度减退，心功能多在NYHA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级；术前主要营养指标均处于正常值低限；高血压病、心血管病、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、慢性支气管炎、肺部感染等是常见伴发疾病。（3）术后30d及1年的死亡率分别为2.99%和13.68%；术后生活自理能力完全恢复、部分恢复及无改善的患者各占64.32%，25.55%和10.13%；骨折类型、骨折前患者BMI、手术类型、术后并发症及术前身体状况对手术效果具有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。结论老年髋部骨折应及时进行手术治疗，充分进行多学科评估和术前准备，选择合适的手术及麻醉方式，加强围术期管理，降低术后潜在并发症。

胃窦幽门腺组织学和超微结构的增龄变化研究

目的 探讨人体胃窦幽门腺组织学和超微结构的增龄变化特点. 方法 选择拥有相对正常胃组织的60例患者为研究对象,包括中青年组（20～59岁）20例,老年组（≥60岁）40例.老年组包括60～69岁组15例,70～79岁组13例,80～89岁组12例.在光学显微镜下测定各组胃窦固有膜厚度、幽门腺实质比,对比观察各组胃窦固有膜、幽门腺及腺细胞形态;在电子显微镜下对比观察各组幽门腺细胞的超微结构. 结果 胃窦固有膜厚度20～59岁组为（649.8±127.9）μm,60～69岁组为（634.6±121.4）μm,70～79岁组为（615.7±74.6）μm,随增龄呈降低趋势;但80～89岁组为（645.5±99.9）μm,与20～59岁组相当（t=0.080,P=0.937）.幽门腺实质比从20～59岁组、60～69岁组、70～79岁组到80～89岁组呈明显随增龄降低趋势,依次为（37.6±6.5）％、（34.7±5.0）％、（31.5±6.4）％和（28.3±4.7）％（F=5.010,P=0.005）;老年组幽门腺实质比例明显低于中青年组（t=3.181,P=0.003）.光学显微镜下显示,老年各亚组（尤其是80～89岁）与中青年组比较,胃窦固有膜内幽门腺腺体排列较稀疏,间质结缔组织增生明显,幽门腺细胞核增大、深染、细胞边界模糊.电子显微镜下显示,各组幽门腺细胞及与分泌黏液相关的细胞器形态分布无明显差异;定量测定黏原颗粒面积分数显示呈明显随增龄降低趋势（F=19.831,P=0.000）,老年组（25.68±4.62）％明显低于中青年组（34.66±4.34）％（t=-6.456,P=0.000）. 结论 随增龄,人体胃窦固有膜厚度有降低趋势,幽门腺腺体密度逐渐降低,腺体间结缔组织增生逐渐增加,幽门腺细胞内与分泌黏液有关的黏原颗粒密度逐渐降低,提示老年人胃窦黏膜及其功能腺体在形态学上存在退化现象.

Senescent remodeling of the immune system and its contribution to the predisposition of the elderly to infections

Objective To review the senescent remodeling of the immune system with aging and its relevance to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases, along with an outlook on emerging immunological biomarkers. Data sources The data selected were from PubMed with relevant published articles in English or French from 1995 to the present. Searches were made using the terms immunosenescence and aging paired with the following： innate immunity, T-celr, B-cell, adaptive immunity and biomarkers. Articles were reviewed for additional citations and some information was gathered from web searches. Study selection Articles on aging of both the innate and adaptive immunity were reviewed, with special attention to the remodeling effect on the ability of the immune system to fight infectious diseases. Articles related to biomarkers of immunosenescence were selected with the goal of identifying immunological biomarkers predisposing the elderly to infections. Results Innate immunity is generally thought to be relatively well preserved or enhanced during aging compared with adaptive immunity which manifests more profound alterations. However, evidence, particularly in the last decade, reveals that both limbs of the immune system undergo profound remodeling with aging. Reported data on adaptive immunity is consistent and changes are well established but conflicting results about innate immunity were reported between in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as between murine and human studies. Epidemiological data suggests increased predisposition of the elderly to infections, but no compelling scientific evidence has directly linked senescent immune remodeling to this increased susceptibility. Recently, growing interest in identifying immunological biomarkers and defining immune risk phenotypes/profiles （IRP） has been expressed. Identification of biomarkers is in its early days and few potential biomarkers have been identified, with the Swedish having defined one IRP based on the adaptive immune response. Conclusions Aging does not necessarily lead to an unavoidable decline in immune functions. Instead, a complex remodeling occurs. Despite the lack of compelling scientific evidence, senescent immune remodeling surely is a significant contributing factor to the increased risk and severity of infections in the elderly. Although, no immunological biomarker has been formally linked to the increased risk of infections in the elderly, biomarkers remain a promising tool to predict the likelihood of healthy aging, the level of immune competence, and mortality risk in the elderly. Hence, more research is required to define healthy aging and identify immunological biomarkers.