不同灌溉模式下草莓对水分胁迫的生理响应研究

【目的】探究不同灌溉模式下草莓对水分胁迫的生理响应,确定草莓节水灌溉适宜模式。【方法】采用3种灌溉模式:充分灌溉(FI,CK)、分根灌溉(PRI)和亏缺灌溉(DI),PRI和DI模式下设置3个水分胁迫水平:轻度(LS)、中度(MS)和重度(SS),研究了不同灌溉模式下水分胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素量、光合与蒸腾速率、渗透调节物质和丙二醛(MDA)量的影响。【结果】DI与PRI灌溉模式下,草莓叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)量都显著低于CK,且随着基质水分胁迫程度的加剧而呈下降趋势;与DI模式相比,PRI模式下草莓叶片叶绿素量相对较高;随着水分胁迫程度的增强,DI和PRI草莓叶片蒸腾速率下降幅度明显,分别为35.2%~44.7%和21.0%~47.0%,而净光合速率变化不明显;MS和SS水平下DI和PRI的水分利用效率(WUE)分别较CK高101.8%~117.9%和68.8%~149.8%;不同水分胁迫水平下,PRI草莓叶片脯氨酸(PRO)累积量显著高于CK(19.0%~26.0%),且在LS和MS水平下显著高于DI;PRI草莓叶片MDA累积量仅在SS水平下显著高于CK(30.2%),而DI草莓叶片MDA累积量在MS和SS水平下显著高于CK,分别为34.4%和56.4%。【结论】PRI模式草莓比DI模式具有更强的渗透调节能力和耐旱性,PRI-MS组合为草莓节水灌溉适宜模式。

分根灌溉下水氮耦合对草莓果实品质及产量的影响

本文采用盆栽分根固定干湿灌溉试验研究了水氮耦合对草莓果实品质及产量的影响。试验设置水分和氮肥2个因素,草莓根区设置湿润与干旱(A/B)两个区域,湿润一侧(A)全生育期内土壤相对含水量均为80%±5%,干旱一侧(B)土壤相对含水量设置为20%±5%(重度水分胁迫)、35%±5%(中度水分胁迫)、50%±5%(轻度水分胁迫)3个处理水平;施氮量设置0.5 g(N)×kg^(-1)(低氮)、0.75 g(N)×kg^(-1)(中氮)、1 g(N)×kg^(-1)(高氮)3个处理水平,对照处理(即常规生产模式,CK)A/B两区域均为80%±5%土壤相对含水量、中氮[0.75 g(N)×kg^(-1)]水平。研究结果表明:1)分根干湿灌溉显著减少了草莓全生育期灌溉水量,提高了草莓的水分利用效率(WUE),全生育期内干旱一侧(B)土壤相对含水量为20%±5%、35%±5%和50%±5%的水分处理总灌溉水量分别为14.77 L×株^(-1)、16.62 L×株^(-1)和18.47 L×株^(-1),较CK处理(24.62 L×株^(-1))分别减少40.0%、32.5%和25.0%;以中度水分胁迫中氮水平的草莓水分利用效率(WUE)最高,为13.55 g×L-1,较CK处理提高47.1%,而产量没有明显减少;耦合分根干湿灌溉和施氮处理,轻度水分胁迫中氮水平下草莓果实产量最高,较CK处理提高4.4%。2)从对草莓果实品质影响角度分析,中氮及中度水分胁迫处理的草莓果实中Vc含量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量和糖酸比分别比CK处理增加63.3%、12.5%、3.9%和8.3%。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理对草莓果实品质、产量、水分利用效率及对农业环境安全的影响,以湿润一侧(A)保持土壤相对含水量为80%±5%、干旱一侧(B)保持土壤相对含水量为35%±5%,且0.75 g(N)×kg^(-1)施氮水平为设施草莓生产适宜的水肥管理模式。

镍中间层对铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW),引入厚度为0.05 mm镍箔作为中间层,在焊接速度不变条件下,采用不同转速对厚度为4 mm的6061铝合金和AZ31镁合金进行平板对接,对接头进行系列微观组织表征及力学性能测试,探讨转速对接头中镍颗粒分布状态,金属间化合物(intermetallic compounds,IMCs)种类与分布及接头强度的影响规律.研究结果表明:与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍改变了铝/镁异种金属FSW接头焊核区(weld nugget zone,WNZ)中IMCs种类及分布,WNZ存在明显的镁合金与铝合金相间的带状组织,其上分布着絮状Al_(12)Mg_(17)、颗粒状Mg_(2)Ni、层状Al_(3)Mg_(2)及大小不一的镍箔颗粒;随着转速增加,镍箔颗粒分布愈加均匀,Al_(3)Mg_(2)数量相对减少,且脆性Al_(3)Mg_(2)由连续分布逐渐演变为断续分布;当转速为750 r/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值,与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍中间层接头抗拉强度提高了56 MPa,达到镁合金的56.9%.

Corrosion behavior of aluminum/steel dissimilar metals friction stir welding joint

The corrosion performance of aluminum/steel contact and aluminum/steel FSW joint in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution were analyzed using potentiostatic tests.The post-corrosion microstructure of the welding joint was characterized by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the localized corrosion of FSW joint of Al/steel dissimilar metals mainly initiated at the interface transition zone(ITZ).Precipitation of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)and Fe-rich phase particles in ITZ accelerated the corrosion of the FSW joint.This phenomenon has been attributed to distinct corrosion potentials between IMCs and steel,aluminum base metal.The corrosion resistance sequence of IMCs in ITZ is Fe_(3)Al>FeAl>Fe_(2)Al_(5).

Strength mismatch mechanism on friction stir welding joint of 7075 aluminum alloy

The precipitated phases in the WNZ,TMAZ,HAZ and BM of the friction stir welding(FSW)joint were observed using the transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and the lattice fringe spacing of the precipitated phases was measured.Combined with X-ray diffraction(XRD),the types of precipitated phases among the joint were confirmed and then the strength mismatch mechanism was revealed.The results show the precipitated phases of 7075 aluminum alloy FSW joint mainly consist of MgZn_(2),AlCuMg and Al_(2)CuMg.The microzone of the joint experienced different thermal cycles,the types and sizes of precipitated phases are different and the strengthening effect is different.The strengthening effect of the AlCuMg and Al_(2)CuMg are better than that of MgZn_(2).The precipitated phase in the WNZ mainly includes AlCuMg and Al_(2)CuMg,as well as the grain size is fine,the microhardness in this zone is pretty high.The number of precipitated phase AlCuMg and Al_(2)CuMg is smaller in the TMAZ and the MgZn_(2)is relatively more,which lead the microhardness decrease.The number of precipitated phase MgZn_(2)is relative larger in the HAZ,as well as the grain coarsening,the microhardness in this zone is lowest of the joint.At the same time,there are the precipitate free zones(PFZ)among the 7075 aluminum alloy FSW joint,which decreases the microhardness of the whole joint to some extent.

Reinforcement Learning from Algorithm Model to Industry Innovation Innovation: A Foundation Stone of Future Artificial Intelligence

Reinforcement learning(RL)algorithm has been introduced for several decades,which becomes a paradigm in sequential decision-making and control.The development of reinforcement learning,especially in recent years,has enabled this algorithm to be applied in many industry fields,such as robotics,medical intelligence,and games.This paper first introduces the history and background of reinforcement learning,and then illustrates the industrial application and open source platforms.After that,the successful applications from AlphaGo to AlphaZero and future reinforcement learning technique are focused on.Finally,the artificial intelligence for complex interaction(e.g.,stochastic environment,multiple players,selfish behavior,and distributes optimization)is considered and this paper concludes with the highlight and outlook of future general artificial intelligence.

Effect of process parameters on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu friction stir lap welding joints

In this study,friction stir lap welding(FSLW)was performed for the welding test of 6061 aluminium alloy and T2 pure copper.The effect of process parameters containing rotation rate and travel speed on interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al/Cu dissimilar joints were explored.The experiments were carried out under the rotation rates of 600,900 and 1200 r/min and with the travel speeds of 30,70 and 100 mm/min.The characteristic of interface transition zones(ITZs)and the species of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)were investigated.The Al/Cu interface showed a layered structure composed of Al-Cu IMCs,which will affect the mechanical property.The layer consisting of Al2Cu was formed at lower heat input,and as heat input increased the Al4Cu9 phase started to form.Excessive heat input will increase the thickness of the interface and raise the brittleness of the joints.The thickness of the IMCs layers changed from0.89μm to 3.96μm as the heat input increased.The maximum value of tensile shear loading of 4.65 kN was obtained at the rotation rate of900 r/min and travel speed of 100 mm/min with the interface thickness of 2.89μm.The fracture mode of the joints was a mix of ductile and brittle fracture.