青藏高原冬春积雪和地表热源影响亚洲夏季风的研究进展

青藏高原冬春积雪和地表热源的气候效应是青藏高原气候动力学的两个重要内容。大量资料分析和数值试验研究均表明这两个因子对亚洲季风有一定的预测意义,本文对此做了比较系统的回顾和总结,并进一步比较了青藏高原积雪和地表热源影响东亚和南亚夏季降水的异同。结果表明,东亚夏季降水在年际和年代际尺度上均存在"三极型"和"南北反相"型的空间分布特征,高原春季地表热源在年代际和年际尺度上主要影响东亚夏季降水"三极型"模态;在年代际尺度上它是中国东部出现"南涝北旱"格局的重要原因,而高原冬季积雪的作用相反。另一方面,高原冬季积雪在年际和年代际尺度上对印度夏季风降水的预测效果均要优于高原地表热源。无论是空间分布还是时间演变特征,高原冬季积雪与春季地表热源整体上均无统计意义上的显著联系。不断完善高原地面观测网和改进模式在高原地区的模拟性能,将是进一步深入理解高原积雪和地表热源影响亚洲季风物理过程和机制的关键所在。

青藏高原大气热源年际变率及其驱动因子

青藏高原(以下简称高原)大气热源对亚洲夏季风爆发、演变、推进,乃至全球气候系统都有重要影响,因此近年来高原大气热源变异机理也日益受到关注。本文在回顾已有关于不同季节高原热源变异原因的研究基础上,利用1980~2018年日本气象厅再分析数据JRA55(Japanese 55-year Reanalysis),对逐月高原大气总热源的年际变率进行分类,并进一步探究了影响不同类别高原大气总热源的异常大尺度环流系统及海温驱动因子。除了传统上受关注的“冬季型”和“夏季型”以外,本文还提出了“早春型”和“过渡型”两种高原大气热源变率模态。总体而言,高原大气总热源年际变率以降水引起的凝结潜热异常为主,其中“冬季型”及“早春型”高原大气热源异常中心位于高原西部,主要受到中高纬遥相关波列的影响。此外,“冬季型”还受到厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)及印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)的影响。“夏季型”高原大气热源呈东西偶极型反相变化,最大异常中心位于高原东南部,主要受北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)的影响;“过渡型”高原大气热源呈南北偶极型反相变化,受热带太平洋—印度洋海表温度异常的共同影响。因此,不同背景环流下高原热源年际变率的驱动因子存在明显差异。

大型构筑物水下检测多源数据处理及可视化系统设计与实现

大型构筑物水下状态检测与完整展示对大型构筑物的安全运营至关重要,而目前大型构筑物水下多源数据融合及三维展示系统几乎空白,论文针对该需求,通过重点突破水下检测多源数据融合、水下三维可视化等关键技术,研发了大型构筑物水下检测多源数据处理及可视化系统,并通过港珠澳大桥水下检测实测数据,验证了港珠澳大桥水下环境多源观测大数据融合和海底三维实景可视化展示能力,为大型构筑物水下状况的安全检测防护和可视化运营管理提供了有效支撑。

海底光缆网络恒压与恒流供电拓扑研究

随着海底业务需求的增多,海底光缆网络功能由岸端对岸端的大容量通信链式网络向网格状海底光缆网络发展,作为能源供给和信息传输一体的骨干传输网络。如何满足深海远距离、高可靠能源传输与供给,成为海底光缆网络发展的瓶颈问题。论文分析海底光缆网络的供电拓扑,对水下远程供电网络的电压型和电流型供电架构探讨,通过电路仿真验证海底恒流型供电网络的抗海水短路故障能力和高可靠性。

15世纪中叶火山喷发对青藏高原和北极水热组合的影响

国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,简称CMIP5)多模式集合平均与过去2000年全球变化网络(Past Global Changes 2k Network,简称PAGES2k)代用记录重建的15世纪中叶全球温度年代际变化特征非常一致,规避了模式和气候代用记录由于各自的不确定性而导致两者的不匹配现象,为揭示自然因素主导气候变化的机理提供了完美时间窗口。而火山喷发作为15世纪中叶气候变化最主要的外强迫,其对区域气候变化在年代际尺度的影响仍不清楚。本文利用通用地球系统模式过去千年集合模拟(Community Earth System Model-Last Millennium Ensemble,简称CESM-LME),分析了15世纪中叶连续火山喷发对北半球"两极"(青藏高原和北极)温度、降水和水热组合年代际变化的影响。结果表明,15世纪中叶连续的火山喷发对青藏高原和北极夏季气候年代际变化的直接强迫作用,导致青藏高原和北极地区的温度和降水发生年代际尺度的下降和减少、水热组合趋于同向变化,而火山活动的间接作用可能通过影响气候系统内部变率北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,简称AO)和大西洋经圈翻转环流(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,简称AMOC)来调控冬季温度和降水的变化。

Trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: Comparison of observations and reanalysis data

The trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (CE-TP) is quantitatively estimated using historical observations at 71 meteorological stations, three reanalysis datasets from 1980-2008, and two satellite radiation datasets from 1984-2007. Results show that a weakening of sensible heat (SH) flux over the CE-TP continues. The most significant trend occurs in spring, induced mainly by decelerated surface wind speeds. The ground-air temperature difference shows a notable increasing trend over the last 5 years. Trends in net radiation flux of the atmospheric column over the CE-TP, evaluated by two satellite radiation datasets, are clearly different. Trends in the atmospheric heat source calculated by the three reanalysis datasets are not completely consistent, and even show opposite signals. Results from the two datasets both show a weakening of the heat source but the magnitude of one is significantly stronger, whereas an increase is indicated by the other data. Therefore, it is challenging to accurately calculate the trend in the atmospheric heat source over the CE-TP, particularly from the estimates of the reanalysis datasets.

Heating status of the Tibetan Plateau from April to June and rainfall and atmospheric circulation anomaly over East Asia in midsummer

Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged reanalysis data of the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR)and the rainfall data of 160 Chinese surface stations,the relationship between rainfall and the atmospheric circulation anomaly over East Asia(EA)in July and the sensible heating(SH)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)from April to June(AMJ)is investigated by using the rotational experimental orthogonal function(REOF)method.The results show that the TP is an isolated heating source in this period.The lagged correlation analysis between the first rotational principal component(RPC)of SH over the TP in May and rainfall of EA in July demonstrates that strong SH over the TP before July leads to a positive rainfall anomaly over the TP,the valley between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River,and the regions south and southeast of the TP,and the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,but less rainfall anomaly over the regions north,northeast,and west of the TP.Such rainfall anomaly patterns are shown to be well coordinated with those of the circulation and vapor flux fields,and are explained by using the thermal adaptation theory and quasi-stationary large-scale vorticity equation.Therefore,the status of SH over the TP during AMJ can be used as a predictor for the rainfall anomaly over EA,especially in the valley between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River.

Can the tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal impact the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau?

This study investigates the impacts of tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal(BOBTSs) on the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in April–June(AMJ) and September–December(SOND) during 1981–2011 based on the best track dataset provided by Joint Typhoon Warning Centre(JTWC). Results indicate that there are about 1.35 BOBTSs influence the TP in each year and most of them occurred in May and October, and the BOBTSs in AMJ influence the TP with larger extension and higher latitudes than those in SOND. The maximum regional precipitation induced by the BOBTSs accounts for more than 50% for the total precipitation in the corresponding month and about 20% for the season. Further analysis reveals that the surface soil moisture anomalies induced by the BOBTSs can persist only 20–25 days in AMJ, and the case is also true for the snow depth in SOND. Numerical simulations by using the regional climate model of Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) suggest that the soil moisture anomalies in the sub-surface can last 2 months whereas for the surface it can persist only about 20 days, which agrees well with the observation analysis. Overall, the effect of the preceding BOBTSs on the snow depth and soil moisture anomalies over the TP cannot maintain to summer, and there is no robust connection between the BOBTSs and summer precipitation anomalies in East China. Moreover, since the mid-1990 s, the spring rainfall induced by the BOBTSs over the TP seems to be enhanced to a certain degree because of the intensified BOBTSs.

Impacts of boundary layer parameterization schemes and air-sea coupling on WRF simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon

The planetary boundary layer （PBL） scheme in the regional climate model （RCM） has a significant impact on the interactions and exchanges of moisture, momentum, and energy between land, ocean, and atmosphere; however, its uncertainty will cause large systematic biases of RCM. Based on the four different PBL schemes （YSU, ACM2, Boulac, and MYJ） in Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model, the impacts of these schemes on the simulation of circulation and precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） are investigated. The simulated results of the two local turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） schemes, Boulac and MYJ, are more consistent with the observations than those in the two nonlocal closure schemes, YSU and ACM2. The former simulate more reasonable low-level southwesterly flow over East China and west pacific subtropical high （WPSH） than the latter. As to the modeling of summer monsoon precipitation, both the spatial distributions and temporal evolutions from Boulac and MTT are also better than those in YSU and ACM2 schemes. In addition, through the comparison between YSU and Boulac experiments, the differences from the results of EASM simulation are more obvious over the oceanic area. In the experiments with the nonlocal schemes YSU and ACM2, the boundary layer mixing processes are much stronger, which lead to produce more sea surface latent heat flux and enhanced convection, and finally induce the overestimated precipitation and corresponding deviation of monsoon circulation. With the further study, it is found that the absence of air-sea interaction in WRF may amplify the biases caused by PBL scheme over the ocean. Consequently, there is a reduced latent heat flux over the sea surface and even more reasonable EASM simulation, if an ocean model coupled into WRF.

Sensitivity of simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillations to cumulus schemes

The sensitivity of simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) to different cumulus parameterization schemes was analyzed using an atmospheric general circulation model (latest version-SAMIL2.2.3) developed at the Laboratory for Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG) at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Results show that the basic features of tropical climatological intraseasonal oscillations (CISO) can be captured using all three cumulus schemes.The CISO simulated by the Tiedtke scheme was found to be more realistic than that of the Manabe and Zhang-McFarlane schemes.The results of simulated transient intraseasonal oscillations (TISO) indicate that although the Tiedtke and the Zhang-McFarlane schemes in the new version SAMIL2.2.3 have been adjusted according to different problems,only the latter can simulate the eastward propagation of the 27-50-day TISO mode.It may be associated with the more realistic diabatic heating profile simulated by the Zhang-McFarlane scheme.In addition,the Manabe scheme in SAMIL2.2.3 is the same as that in the prior version SAMIL2.08.However,some aspects of the physical process,such as the radiation scheme and aerosol condition,have been changed.Conversely the eastward propagation from 100°E to the west of the tropical 27-50-day TISO mode only can be simulated using the Manabe scheme of SAMIL 2.08.Consequently,not all the improvements of physical parameterization schemes work well in every respect.The coordinated developments between dynamic frame and physical processes,and among different physical processes,are important methods that may be used to improve the model.