Near-Real-Time Carbon Emission Accounting Technology Toward Carbon Neutrality

Climate change is the greatest environmental threat to humans and the planet in the 21st century.Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main causes of the increasing number of extreme climate events.Cumulative carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions showed a linear relationship with cumulative temperature rise since the pre-industrial stage,and this accounts for approximately 80%of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gases.Therefore,accurate and reliable carbon emission data are the foundation and scientific basis for most emission reduction policymaking and target setting.Currently,China has made clear the ambitious goal of achieving the peak of carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.The development of a finer-grained spatiotemporal carbon emission database is urgently needed to achieve more accurate carbon emission monitoring for continuous implementation and the iterative improvement of emission reduction policies.Near-real-time carbon emission monitoring is not only a major national demand but also a scientific question at the frontier of this discipline.This article reviews existing annual-based carbon accounting methods,with a focus on the newly developed real-time carbon emission technology and its current application trends.We also present a framework for the latest near-real-time carbon emission accounting technology that can be widely used.The development of relevant data and methods will provide strong database support to the policymaking for China’s“carbon neutrality”strategy.Finally,this article provides an outlook on the future of real-time carbon emission monitoring technology.

Identification of therapeutic drugs against COVID-19 through computational investigation on drug repurposing and structural modification

Global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)calls for an urgent development of anti-viral regime.Compared with the development of new drugs,drug repurposing can significantly reduce the cost,time,and safety risks.Given the fact that coronavirus harnesses spike protein to invade host cells through angiotensinconverting enzyme 2(ACE2),hence we see if any previous anti-virtual compounds can block spike-ACE2 interaction and inhibit the virus entry.The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations revealed that remdesivir exhibits better than expected anti-viral invasion potential against COVID-19 among the three types of compounds including remdesivir,tenofovir and lopinavir.In addition,a positive correlation between the surface area occupied by remdesivir and anti-viral invasion potential was also found.As such,the structure of remdesivir was modified by linking an N-benzyl substituted diamidine derivative to its hydroxyl group through an ester bond.It was found that this compound has a higher anti-viral invasion potential and greater specificity.

Visualizing interface states in In_(2)Se_(3)–WSe_(2)monolayer lateral heterostructures

Recent findings of two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectric(FE)materials provide more possibilities for the development of 2D FE heterostructure electronic devices based on van der Waals materials and the application of FE devices under the limit of atomic layer thickness.In this paper,we report the in-situ fabrication and probing of electronic structures of In_(2)Se_(3)–WSe_(2) lateral heterostructures,compared with most vertical FE heterostructures at present.Through molecular beam epitaxy,we fabricated lateral heterostructures with monolayer WSe_2(three atomic layers)and monolayer In_(2)Se_(3)(five atomic layers).Type-Ⅱband alignment was found to exist in either the lateral heterostructure composed of anti-FEβ′-In_(2)Se_(3) and WSe_(2) or the lateral heterostructure composed of FEβ*-In_(2)Se_(3)and WSe_2,and the band offsets could be modulated by ferroelectric polarization.More interestingly,interface states in both lateral heterostructures acted as narrow gap quantum wires,and the band gap of the interface state in theβ*-In_(2)Se_(3)–WSe_(2)heterostructure was smaller than that in theβ′-In_(2)Se_(3)heterostructure.The fabrication of 2D FE heterostructure and the modulation of interface state provide a new platform for the development of FE devices.

Passive-source ocean bottom seismograph(OBS) array experiment in South China Sea and data quality analyses

Long-term passive source ocean bottom seismograph(OBS) observatory is challenging due to various technical difficulties. In order to gain experience in this field, and to reveal the lithospheric structure beneath the extinct ridge in the central South China Sea(SCS), we carried out a passive source OBS array experiment, which includes 18 OBSs, in the deep portion of SCS. Here we present the instrumentation, the OBS deployment and recovery of this experiment, and more importantly, the data quality evaluated by a number of approaches. Through processing and inspecting waveforms from global, regional and local earthquakes, we find that most of recovered OBSs have good data quality with discernible main phases. The ambient noise analyses of OBS recordings show that their noise is higher than the global average, and the horizontal component is noisier than the vertical, indicating current impacts on horizontal components are more severe. In the period range of 5–10 s, there is a noise notch for the SCS OBSs, and noise levels of horizontal components are comparable to the vertical. This feature, which is not seen at OBS stations in open ocean, suggests the distant sources for double frequency microseism in this marginal sea are not significant. In addition, we successfully determined the orientations for 7 OBSs by investigating their Rayleigh wave polarizations; and we demonstrated the dispersion feature of Rayleigh waves through the frequency-time analysis. Finally, we summarized lessons learned from this experiment regarding the passive source OBS investigations in SCS.

Optimization for the extraction of polysaccharides from Huidouba and their in vitroα-glucosidase inhibition mechanism

Huidouba is a kind of fungus plant that grows by spiders parasitizing tea trees at an altitude of 1500 m above Mount Emei.The bioactive polysaccharides extracted from Huidouba have been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes in China.In this study,the optimal hot-water extraction condition of crude Huidouba polysaccharides was obtained using Box-Behnken design:the temperature of 93.7◦C,the time of 3.57 h,the liquid-to-solid ratio of 28.47 mL/g,and the yield was 0.46%.Three purified Huidouba polysaccharides(HDBPs,including HDBP-d,HDBP-1,and HDBP-2)were separated through deproteinization,ultrafiltration,and column chromatography.Then the inhibition mechanism and kinetics of HDBPs againstα-glucosidase were investigated.The inhibitory activity of HDBPs onα-glucosidase was positively correlated with their concentration,and their mechanism of quenching fluorescence was ascertained to be the static type induced by the formation of HDBPs-α-glucosidase complex.HDBP-d and HDBP-2 inhibited the activity ofα-glucosidase in a reversible competitive-type manner while HDBP-1 was a noncompetitive-type inhibitor.The inhibitory activities of HDBPs onα-glucosidase correlated inversely with temperature in most cases,and showed weaker inhibitory activity at extreme acidic or alkaline conditions.These findings highlight the efficacy,kinetics and mechanism of HDBPs inhibitingα-glucosidase in vitro.The study provided a replaceable approach for chemical inhibitors ofα-glucosidase with natural fungus plant extracts,and suggested the theoretical basis that the plant-derived polysaccharides with glucosidase inhibition effects were applied in medicines.

Data-driven prediction of temperature variations in an open cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack using Koopman operator

In this study,a novel application of the Koopman operator for control-oriented modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)stacks is proposed.The primary contributions of this paper are:(1)the design of Koopman-based models for a fuel cell stack,incorporating K-fold cross-validation,varying lifted dimensions,radial basis functions(RBFs),and prediction horizons;and(2)comparison of the performance of Koopman-based approach with a more traditional physics-based model.The results demonstrate the high accuracy of the Koopman-based model in predicting fuel cell stack behavior,with an error of less than 3%.The proposed approach offers several advantages,including enhanced computational efficiency,reduced computational burden,and improved interpretability.This study demonstrates the suitability of the Koopman operator for the modeling and control of PEMFCs and provides valuable insights into a novel control-oriented modeling approach that enables accurate and efficient predictions for fuel cell stacks.

Near-real-time global gridded daily CO_(2) emissions

Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission data is of great importance in achieving carbon neutrality around the world.Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO_(2)Emissions Dataset(GRACED)from fossil fuel and cement production with a global spatial resolution of 0.1°by 0.1°and a temporal resolution of 1 day.Gridded fossil emissions are computed for different sectors based on the daily national CO_(2)emissions from near-real-time dataset(Carbon Monitor),the spatial patterns of point source emission dataset Global Energy Infrastructure Emissions Database(GID),Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR),and spatiotemporal patters of satellite nitrogen dioxide(NO2)retrievals.Our study on the global CO_(2)emissions responds to the growing and urgent need for high-quality,fine-grained,near-real-time CO_(2)emissions estimates to support global emissions monitoring across various spatial scales.Weshow the spatial patterns of emission changes for power,industry,residential consumption,ground transportation,domestic and international aviation,and international shipping sectors from January 1,2019,to December 31,2020.This gives thorough insights into the relative contributions from each sector.Furthermore,it provides the most up-to-date and fine-grained overview of where and when fossil CO_(2)emissions have decreased and rebounded in response to emergencies(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019[COVID-19])and other disturbances of human activities of any previously published dataset.As the world recovers from the pandemic and decarbonizes its energy systems,regular updates of this dataset will enable policymakers to more closely monitor the effectiveness of climate and energy policies and quickly adapt.

应高度关注猴痘病毒的流行

猴痘是由猴痘病毒引起的人畜共患病, 猴痘病毒属于痘病毒科正痘病毒属, 是继天花灭绝后能够感染人类的最重要的正痘病毒。自1970年刚果民主共和国发现第一例人感染猴痘病毒病例以来, 猴痘主要流行于中非与西非地区。2022年5月6日至7月15日, 猴痘在多个国家出现了暴发, 已经在全球62个国家和地区发现猴痘病例, 并且出现了人际传播, 引起了全球的高度关注。人类发现猴痘病毒已经60多年, 但是对猴痘病毒的认识和研究还相对有限。因此本文就此次疫情的流行情况、暴发的可能原因以及未来的重点研究方向进行分析, 提出应对策略, 为猴痘的防控提供科学参考。

Construction of a small-caliber tissue-engineered blood vessel using icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate for in situ anticoagulation and endothelialization

The rapid endothelialization of tissue-engineered blood vessels(TEBVs) can effectively prevent thrombosis and inhibit intimal hyperplasia. The traditional Chinese medicine ingredient icariin is highly promising for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.β-cyclodextrin sulfate is a type of hollow molecule that has good biocompatibility and anticoagulation properties and exhibits a sustained release of icariin. We studied whether icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate can promote the endothelialization of TEBVs. The experimental results showed that icariin could significantly promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells; at the same time, icariin could promote the migration of rat vascular endothelial cells(RAVECs). Subsequently,we used an electrostatic force to modify the surface of the TEBVs with icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate, and these vessels were implanted into the rat common carotid artery. After 3 months, micro-CT results showed that the TEBVs modified using icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate had a greater patency rate. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and CD31 immunofluorescence results showed a better degree of endothelialization. Taken together, icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate can achieve anticoagulation and rapid endothelialization of TEBVs to ensure their long-term patency.

Engineering hiPSC-CM and hiPSC-EC laden 3D nanofibrous splenic hydrogel for improving cardiac function through revascularization and remuscularization in infarcted heart

Cell therapy has been a promising strategy for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction(MI),but a poor ischemic environment and low cell delivery efficiency remain significant challenges.The spleen serves as a hematopoietic stem cell niche and secretes cardioprotective factors after MI,but it is unclear whether it could be used for human pluripotent stem cell(hiPSC)cultivation and provide a proper microenvironment for cell grafts against the ischemic environment.Herein,we developed a splenic extracellular matrix derived thermoresponsive hydrogel(SpGel).Proteomics analysis indicated that SpGel is enriched with proteins known to modulate the Wnt signaling pathway,cell-substrate adhesion,cardiac muscle contraction and oxidation-reduction processes.In vitro studies demonstrated that hiPSCs could be efficiently induced into endothelial cells(iECs)and cardiomyocytes(iCMs)with enhanced function on SpGel.The cytoprotective effect of SpGel on iECs/iCMs against oxidative stress damage was also proven.Furthermore,in vivo studies revealed that iEC/iCM-laden SpGel improved cardiac function and inhibited cardiac fibrosis of infarcted hearts by improving cell survival,revascularization and remuscularization.In conclusion,we successfully established a novel platform for the efficient generation and delivery of autologous cell grafts,which could be a promising clinical therapeutic strategy for cardiac repair and regeneration after MI.

Economic Burden of Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease-Beijing Municipality,China,2016–2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?Current research regarding hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)has primarily concentrated on the economic impacts,drawing from retrospective or sentinel hospital-based data.This approach often overlooks cases that were either not consulted or were misdiagnosed.

A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BF.7.14 and BA.5.2.48-China,October-December 2022

Summary What is already known about this topic?Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)continues to evolve,the clinical manifestations resulting from different SARS-CoV-2 variants may demonstrate significant variation.What is added by this report?We conducted a comparative analysis of the clinical features associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BF.7.14 and BA.5.2.48 infections.The results of our study indicate that there are no substantial differences in clinical manifestations,duration of illness,healthcare-seeking behaviors,or treatment between these two subvariants.What are the implications for public health practice?Timely identification of alterations in the clinical spectrum is crucial for researchers and healthcare practitioners in order to enhance their comprehension of clinical manifestations,as well as the progression of SARS-CoV-2.Furthermore,this information is beneficial for policymakers in the process of revising and implementing appropriate countermeasures.

The First Outbreak of Omicron Subvariant BA.5.2—Beijing Municipality,China,July 4,2022

On July 4,2022,the first case of Omicron subvariant BA.5.2 in Beijing Municipality was discovered in Yanqing District.The case was a 49-yearold Chinese male who had arrived in Shanghai Municipality via international flight DL9927 from North Carolina,U.S.on June 15.He stayed in a hotel for the 14-day arrival quarantine and was discharged on June 30.He arrived in Beijing via domestic flight MU5103 on July 1 and was transferred point-to-point from the airport to his residence community in Yanqing District.On July 3,his sample was collected through community mass screening and reported positive in the next morning.The case had received 3 doses of Moderna’s mRNA vaccines in the U.S.,with the last shot on May 26,2022.

Bubble Strategy—A Practical Solution to Return to Regular Life in the Intertwined Era of Vaccine Rollouts and Virus Mutation

For a long time,vaccination and herd immunity were considered to be the magic solution for controlling coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).However,the emergence of new variants altered people’s expectations and prolonged the pandemic duration,especially the Omicron strain with substantially increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine efficacy.Therefore,we are in urgent need of a practical solution to resume regular life to some extent,while mitigating COVID-19 risks in the tight race between vaccine rollouts and virus variation.This commentary proposed that bubble strategy(or closed loop management),utilized in Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and to be implemented in Beijing 2022 Winter Games,could serve as a novel technique of nonpharmaceutical interventions in coping with such a situation.

Large photovoltaic effect with ultrahigh open-circuit voltage in relaxor-based ferroelectric Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3)ceramics

Recently,the anomalous photovoltaic effect of ferroelectric materials has attracted considerable attention in the construction of efficient solar cells owing to the above-bandgap photovoltage of these materials.In this study,we investigate the anomalous photovoltaic effect of relaxor-based ferroelectric Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3)(PIMN-PT)ceramics with large remnant polarization and a narrow optical bandgap.Excellent photovoltaic performance with an ultrahigh open-circuit voltage of 23 V(575 V/cm)is achieved,which is higher than the open-circuit voltages of all reported polycrystalline materials with similar thickness.The phase structure,microstructure morphology,domain structure,ferroelectric and optical characteristics are analyzed,which could provide clues to the origin of the ultrahigh open-circuit voltage of PIMN-PT ceramics.The results suggest that the relaxor-based ferroelectric PIMNPT system is a potential candidate for photovoltaic solar energy conversion devices.

Band alignment and interlayer hybridization in monolayer organic/WSe_(2) heterojunction

Semiconducting heterojunctions(HJs),comprised of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs),have shown great potentials in electronic and optoelectronic applications.Organic/TMD hybrid bilayers hold enhanced pumping efficiency of interfacial excitons,tunable electronic structures and optical properties,and other superior advantages to these inorganic HJs.Here,we report a direct probe of the interfacial electronic structures of a crystalline monolayer(ML)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride(PTCDA)/ML-WSe_(2) HJ using scanning tunneling microscopy,photoluminescence,and first-principle calculations.Strong PTCDAAA/Se_(2) interfacial interactions lead to appreciable hybridization of the WSe_(2) conduction band with PTCDA unoccupied states,accompanying with a significant amount of PTCDA-to-WSe_(2) charge transfer(by 0.06 e/PTCDA).A type-ll band alignment was directly determined with a valence band offset of-1.69 eV,and an apparent conduction band offset of-1.57 eV.Moreover,we found that the local stacking geometry at the HJ interface differentiates the hybridized interfacial states.

Dynamic Changes of ORF1ab and N Gene Ct Values in COVID-19 Omicron Inpatients of Different Age Groups—Beijing Municipality,China,November-December 2022

Introduction:In November 2021,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Omicron variant was identified as the variant of concern and has since spread globally,replacing other cocirculating variants.To better understand the dynamic changes in viral load over time and the natural history of the virus infection,we analyzed the expression of the open reading frames 1ab(ORF1ab)and nucleocapsid(N)genes in patients infected with Omicron.Methods:We included patients initially admitted to the hospital for SARS-CoV-2 infection between November 5 and December 25,2022.We collected daily oropharyngeal swabs for quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction tests using commercial kits.We depicted the cycle threshold(Ct)values for amplification of ORF1ab and N genes from individual patients in age-specific groups in a time series.Results:A total of 480 inpatients were included in the study,with a median age of 59 years(interquartile range,42 to 78;range,16 to 106).In the<45-year-old age group,the Ct values for ORF1ab and N gene amplification remained below 35 for 9.0 and 11.5 days,respectively.In the≥80-year-old age group,the Ct values for ORF1ab and N genes stayed below 35 for 11.5 and 15.0 days,respectively,which was the longest among all age groups.The Ct values for N gene amplification took longer to rise above 35 than those for ORF1ab gene amplification.Conclusion:The time to test negative varied among different age groups,with viral nucleic acid shedding taking longer in older age groups compared to younger age groups.As a result,the time to resolution of Omicron infection increased with increasing age.

A Retrospective Modeling Study of the Targeted Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions During the Xinfadi Outbreak in the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic — Beijing, China, 2020

Summary What is already known about this topic?China has repeatedly contained multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)outbreaks through a comprehensive set of targeted nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPIs).However,the effectiveness of such NPIs has not been systematically assessed.