Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumptio...Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumption.This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system.Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting,which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions.More recent stud-ies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethol-ogy and neurocircuits underlying this behavior.Here,we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology,including sensory processing,sensorimotor transformation,motivation,and sequential encoding of hunting actions.We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies.We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors,which may shed new light on epidemic disorders,including bingeeating,obesity,and obsessive-compulsive disorders.展开更多
Large scale zigzag zinc blende single crystal ZnS nanowires have been successfully synthesized during a vapor phase growth process together with a small yield of straight wurtzite single crystal ZnS nanowires.AuPd all...Large scale zigzag zinc blende single crystal ZnS nanowires have been successfully synthesized during a vapor phase growth process together with a small yield of straight wurtzite single crystal ZnS nanowires.AuPd alloy nanoparticles were utilized to catalyze a vapor-solid-solid growth process of both types of ZnS nanowires,instead of the more common vapor-liquid-solid growth process.Surprisingly,the vapor-phase grown zigzag zinc blende ZnS nanowires are metastable under high-energy electron irradiation in a transmission electron microscope,with straight wurtzite nanowires being much more stable.Upon exposure to electron irradiation,a wurtzite ZnO nanoparticle layer formed on the zigzag zinc blende ZnS nanowire surface with concomitant displacement damage.Both electron inelastic scattering and surface oxidation as a result of electron-beam heating occur during this structure evolution process.When prolonged higher-voltage electron irradiation was applied,local zinc blende ZnS nanowire bodies evolved into ZnS-ZnO nanocables,and dispersed ZnS-ZnO nanoparticle networks.Random AuPd nanoparticles were observed distributed on zigzag ZnS nanowire surfaces,which might be responsible for a catalytic oxidation effect and speed up the surface oxidation-induced structure evolution.展开更多
文摘Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumption.This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system.Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting,which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions.More recent stud-ies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethol-ogy and neurocircuits underlying this behavior.Here,we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology,including sensory processing,sensorimotor transformation,motivation,and sequential encoding of hunting actions.We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies.We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors,which may shed new light on epidemic disorders,including bingeeating,obesity,and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial support from the University of Connecticut New Faculty start-up funds,and the University of Connecticut Large Faculty Research GrantAcknowledgement is also made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for partial support of this research.
文摘Large scale zigzag zinc blende single crystal ZnS nanowires have been successfully synthesized during a vapor phase growth process together with a small yield of straight wurtzite single crystal ZnS nanowires.AuPd alloy nanoparticles were utilized to catalyze a vapor-solid-solid growth process of both types of ZnS nanowires,instead of the more common vapor-liquid-solid growth process.Surprisingly,the vapor-phase grown zigzag zinc blende ZnS nanowires are metastable under high-energy electron irradiation in a transmission electron microscope,with straight wurtzite nanowires being much more stable.Upon exposure to electron irradiation,a wurtzite ZnO nanoparticle layer formed on the zigzag zinc blende ZnS nanowire surface with concomitant displacement damage.Both electron inelastic scattering and surface oxidation as a result of electron-beam heating occur during this structure evolution process.When prolonged higher-voltage electron irradiation was applied,local zinc blende ZnS nanowire bodies evolved into ZnS-ZnO nanocables,and dispersed ZnS-ZnO nanoparticle networks.Random AuPd nanoparticles were observed distributed on zigzag ZnS nanowire surfaces,which might be responsible for a catalytic oxidation effect and speed up the surface oxidation-induced structure evolution.
