Afield survey on energy consumption by hot water supply and cooking was conducted in two cities in China, Nanjing, and Hefei. In each city, 5 housing complexes were selected, and approximately 100 or 200 residential u...Afield survey on energy consumption by hot water supply and cooking was conducted in two cities in China, Nanjing, and Hefei. In each city, 5 housing complexes were selected, and approximately 100 or 200 residential units were selected from each of them. The fol（owing items were surveyed： （1） fundamental information, such as number of fami[y members, data on residents, etc., （2） bathing style, and （3） frequency of cooking and cooking time. Most of the residents take showers seven times a week in the summer, but tess frequently in the winter. In contrast, the frequency of taking baths increases to several times a week during the winter, compared with 0 or 1 times a week in the summer. These results differ slightly depending on the heating and cooling systems used in the houses. The frequency with which people cook in their own houses ranges from 4 to 7 times a week, which means that ＂eating out＂ is relatively frequent, although the result differs significantly among the housing complexes. Distribution of the cooking time has usuat[y two peaks at 20 to 30 min and 50 to 60 min （or 30 to 40 min and longer than 60 min） for lunch and dinner, respectively. The high energy consumption for cooking might be due to the tong cooking time.展开更多
In Japan, tile exfoliation from external walls is a serious problem that must be prevented. In our previous study, a tiled concrete sample was dried at a temperature of 105 ℃ for pre- conditioning. Then, tile exfoLia...In Japan, tile exfoliation from external walls is a serious problem that must be prevented. In our previous study, a tiled concrete sample was dried at a temperature of 105 ℃ for pre- conditioning. Then, tile exfoLiation occurred. Since this seemed to indicate a relationship between tile exfotiation and moisture content, it was further pursued in this study. First, drying experiments on concrete samples just after tiling were carried out under different ambient air temperatures. The following results were obtained. Tile exfoliation occurs even at the Lower drying temperatures. Tile exfoliation starts at corner tiles （seen in all experiments）. When the average moisture content of the tiled concrete sample becomes Lower than a certain value, tile exfoliation occurs. Next, the experiments were analyzed using a three-dimensional model of simultaneous heat and moisture transport. The calculated moisture content agreed well with the measured results. By comparing the measurement and simulation results, it is considered that the tiles are exfoliated when the moisture content of the mortar on the back side of the tile becomes Lower than a certain value. Therefore, the moisture content can serve as an index for evaluating the occurrence of the tile exfoliation.展开更多
In 1972 mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus were discovered and have been conserved on site for 35 years, but fungi growth on the mural paintings was not suppressed. In 2007 the stone chamber was dismantled and r...In 1972 mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus were discovered and have been conserved on site for 35 years, but fungi growth on the mural paintings was not suppressed. In 2007 the stone chamber was dismantled and removed to the facility for conservation and restoration. The purposes of our study are to clarify the main cause of the deterioration and to propose a suitable method to prevent the deterioration for preserving them on site. In this paper, we developed the two-dimensional analysis model by considering the actual change of the surrounding mound because of the excavation in 1972, and perform the analysis of heat behavior of Takamatsuzuka tumulus before and after excavation and compare effects of different sun-shading methods on heat behavior of the stone chamber. The main results are as follows： （1） after the excavation, the inside surface temperature distribution of the stone chamber and the amplitude of indoor temperature become larger. （2） Using the sun-shading panel in the area of excavation is an effective method to reduce the average indoor temperature; however, it has no influence on reducing the temperature distribution of the stone chamber and the temperature difference between the inside wall and indoor.展开更多
文摘Afield survey on energy consumption by hot water supply and cooking was conducted in two cities in China, Nanjing, and Hefei. In each city, 5 housing complexes were selected, and approximately 100 or 200 residential units were selected from each of them. The fol（owing items were surveyed： （1） fundamental information, such as number of fami[y members, data on residents, etc., （2） bathing style, and （3） frequency of cooking and cooking time. Most of the residents take showers seven times a week in the summer, but tess frequently in the winter. In contrast, the frequency of taking baths increases to several times a week during the winter, compared with 0 or 1 times a week in the summer. These results differ slightly depending on the heating and cooling systems used in the houses. The frequency with which people cook in their own houses ranges from 4 to 7 times a week, which means that ＂eating out＂ is relatively frequent, although the result differs significantly among the housing complexes. Distribution of the cooking time has usuat[y two peaks at 20 to 30 min and 50 to 60 min （or 30 to 40 min and longer than 60 min） for lunch and dinner, respectively. The high energy consumption for cooking might be due to the tong cooking time.
文摘In Japan, tile exfoliation from external walls is a serious problem that must be prevented. In our previous study, a tiled concrete sample was dried at a temperature of 105 ℃ for pre- conditioning. Then, tile exfoLiation occurred. Since this seemed to indicate a relationship between tile exfotiation and moisture content, it was further pursued in this study. First, drying experiments on concrete samples just after tiling were carried out under different ambient air temperatures. The following results were obtained. Tile exfoliation occurs even at the Lower drying temperatures. Tile exfoliation starts at corner tiles （seen in all experiments）. When the average moisture content of the tiled concrete sample becomes Lower than a certain value, tile exfoliation occurs. Next, the experiments were analyzed using a three-dimensional model of simultaneous heat and moisture transport. The calculated moisture content agreed well with the measured results. By comparing the measurement and simulation results, it is considered that the tiles are exfoliated when the moisture content of the mortar on the back side of the tile becomes Lower than a certain value. Therefore, the moisture content can serve as an index for evaluating the occurrence of the tile exfoliation.
基金This research was supported by the JSPS （Japan Society for the Promotion of Science） KAKENHI （20560549）, NSF （National Science Foundation） of China （Grant no. 51108072）, andSpecialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （Grant no. 20110092120003）.
文摘In 1972 mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus were discovered and have been conserved on site for 35 years, but fungi growth on the mural paintings was not suppressed. In 2007 the stone chamber was dismantled and removed to the facility for conservation and restoration. The purposes of our study are to clarify the main cause of the deterioration and to propose a suitable method to prevent the deterioration for preserving them on site. In this paper, we developed the two-dimensional analysis model by considering the actual change of the surrounding mound because of the excavation in 1972, and perform the analysis of heat behavior of Takamatsuzuka tumulus before and after excavation and compare effects of different sun-shading methods on heat behavior of the stone chamber. The main results are as follows： （1） after the excavation, the inside surface temperature distribution of the stone chamber and the amplitude of indoor temperature become larger. （2） Using the sun-shading panel in the area of excavation is an effective method to reduce the average indoor temperature; however, it has no influence on reducing the temperature distribution of the stone chamber and the temperature difference between the inside wall and indoor.
