Quantitative regulation of peripheral leukocyte by light exercise and tailored scale for assessment

Two primary defense systems develop in vertebrates, innate and adaptive. However, every individual exposes to the risk of immunodeficiency in daily life with both internal and external stimuli. In this report, we tried to report two different stimuli for regulating the immune system modulate and discussed how we can compare and select each menu by evidence-based manner more than VAS. In a series of investigation, we have assessed the various leukocyte regulating menus such as hot spring hydrotherapy, acupuncture & moxibution, light walking, independent of the western medicine. In this report, we try to compare the regulatory effect of light exercise under the influence of hypothalamus system. Their effects of elements were evaluated by the total number of peripheral leukocyte, its subsets, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio. The regulative effects were confirmed also by other menu such as hydrotherapy, acupuncture, walking etc. However, by simply comparing the group before with the group after CAM, we cannot catch the real regulatory effect by each menu. So we tried to show the effect by trying to indicate the constitution/condition dependent manner. The effect was not uniform to each individual but it was dependent on each condition/constitution before the start of the exercise. This was one of the main purposes of this report for summarizing that it is important to regulate the number and levels of each factor as ideal value. In other words, the regulation of each factor affected under the hypothalamus system is regulated with each constitution, under the influence of daily circumstances. The mode of regulation was the same in each menu, indicating the higher level was down regular and lower level was up regular. Moreover, each vector of change was reversely correlated to the value of the day before. The other purpose of this study was designed to establish the regulatory effect of this light exercise which is not limited in the number of leukocyte in peripheral. Light exercise for a short duration was expected to influence the immune system in the blood quantitatively. Preparing two modes of impact for walking, 4 mets by walking exhibited more effective than that of 8 mets. We tried to discuss the suitable scale to know the best intensity to regulate whole body system other than VAS judgment.

Bi-Directional Regulation by Chinese Herbal Formulae to Host and Parasite for Multi-Drug Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>in Humans and Rodents

A decline in the immunopotential of the host plays acritical factor(s) in the occurrence of infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or microorganisms by opportunistic infection. In such an infection, no way out for therapeutic concept, therefore bi-directional trial was the final choice. So we selected aformula, Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang (dLHT), which could both augmentimmune factorsin host and exert bacteriostatic effect. We sought to break through the epidemic by MRSA especially in elderly patient, by the fundamental and clinical trial by employing minor TCM, characterizing bidirectional ability of the decoction by western methods. Animal Experiment: Mitomycin-C (MMC)-treated mice with or without the infection of MRSA were made. The experimental design was made up to examine the bacteriostatic action as well as the immunopo-tentiating bias of the promising Chinese herbal medicine, dLHT, which was first proved for its immune potentiating activities as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics, but not direct aseptic effect was clear for MRSA. Both basic and clinical data showed that this formula was effective on repelling from the infectious focus after the treatment of MRSA infection. After the administration of dLHT, the number of white blood cells in MMC-treated mice recovered to 80% of the normal level. In addition, the phagocytic activity of macrophages increased to 70% in the dLHT-treated group, while that of the non-treated group was only 20%. The bactericidal activity also recovered to the level close to the normal value by dLHT. The ratio of neutrophils in the dLHT-administered group increased to 2.2% (normal mice, 2.6%), whereas that in the non-terated group was only 0.5%. The bacterial count in the liver of MRSA-challenged mice reached the peak at six hours after the challenge in both dLHT-treated and non-treated mice. However, the number of bacteria in dLHT group was much greater than that in the non-treated group. The bacterial count in the blood showed an increase 12 and 24 hours after the challenge. Even 24 hours after the challenge, a significant number of bacteria existed in the blood of dLHT-administered group, whereas only a small number of bacteria detectable 6 hours after the challenge and the number gradually decreased thereafter in the dLHT-administered group. MRSA-challenged MMC-treated mice were treated by dLHT, vancomycin, or dLHT and vancomycin. All of non-treated mice died 8 days after the MRSA challenge, whereas the survival rates were 60% after dLHT treatment, 40% after vancomycin treatment, and 80% after dLHT and vancomycin treatment. All of MMC-treated mice, to which the phagocytic cells prepared from MMC-treated mice with dLHT administration had adoptively been transferred, survived from MRSA challenge. On the other hand, the survival rate of MMC-treated mice, to which the lymphocytes prepared from the same mice had adoptively been transferred, was 40%. Clinical Trial: All cases with dLHT treatment showed negative culture results for MRSA after the dLHT administration. The culture generally became negative less than 50 days after the initial administration, whereas one control case needed more than 100 days and the other was dead of the infection. One representative case, who was a 78-year-old woman suffering from hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cerebral bleeding in the right occipital lobe, infected with MRSA during the antibiotic therapy for Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antibiotic therapy was halted and the dLHT administration started. Three weeks later, the culture result became negative. In addition, serum protein and albumin values also returned to the level that they had had before the infection of MRSA.

Factors Affecting Japanese Pond Smelt (<i>Hypomesus nipponensis</i>) Stock Trajectory in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura

The Japanese pond smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) stock has been observed to fluctuate quite rigorously over the years with sustained periods of low catch in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura of the Ibaraki prefecture, Japan which would adversely affect the socioeconomic livelihood of the local fishermen and fisheries industry. This study was aimed at determining the factors affecting the stock fluctuation of the pond smelt through the different years in the two lakes. Through exploratory analysis it was found that the pond smelt had significant relationship with total phosphorus (TP) level in both lakes. The global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI) was also found to be indirectly related to the pond smelt stock in lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura at the latitude band of 24°N to 90°N (l). Both TP and LOTI had inverse relationship with pond smelt trajectory in both lakes. For both Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura, TP for the individual lakes and LOTI (l) were used as independent variables using generalized linear model and response surface methods for modeling the stock dynamics of the pond smelt in the two lakes. Model selection was based on significant parameter estimates (p < 0.05), Akaikes Information Criterion and R2 values. Phosphorus loading is an indication of increasing anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area having negative impact on the pond smelt population. When management decisions are being made regarding pond smelt fishery and sustainability plans in the Ibaraki prefecture, the effects of TP and LOTI should be taken into account. Future research needs to be directed towards deeper understanding the mechanisms by which TP and LOTI affect pond smelt population in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura for more effective management.

<i>Lactobacilli</i>Enjoyed Fermented Herbs on to the Last Fragment and Regulated Leucocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity

Eighty sorts of herbs were fermented by Lactobaccilli (f-ESH). This material was proved by as safe in animal safety experiment. This work was aimed to revise the traditional way of hot water extraction to the fermentation, in order to use up the original material and searching new activity as well. We tried to prove the new activity by fermentation for immune-competent cells in the host that administrated both of original remedy and the new fermented sample. In rodents, immune-compromised host was prepared with cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Our observations showed that the antigen stimulated animal increased the antibody producing cell for heterologous erythrocyte by compromised host by f-ESH. Moreover, by administration of f-ESH to immno-suppressed hosts, these samples regulated lymphocyte in number and functions, macrophage activities, and regulating anti-oxidative activity by phagocytic cells. The anti-oxidative assay was carried out ex-vivo system by peritoneal excaudate cell that we propose as suitable system for evaluating antioxidative assay. With these evidences, the original COF only augmented the level of lymphocytes in number, while f-ESH regulated the ratio of granulocytes and lymphocyte. In clinical study with 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio was also resulted as neutral in peripheral white blood cells, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the administration of f-ESH. We discussed the significance and mechanism of cleving complement components Fb by f-ESH in this text. Fb. The new cleavage of complement was directly evident by immune-electrophoretic method. In conclusion, this modification of food materials introduced new style of food intake resulted in the significant regulation such as antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells comparing traditional processing by hot water extraction.

Hemopoietic Formulae Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Implication for Use against the Type of Constitution and Infectious Agent for Further Modification to Future

A hemopoietic formula (HF) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) usually consists of more than six single herbs. We seek to look into changes of immune-competent cells by two commonly utilized HF, including Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (SDT) and Bu-Zong-Ye-Qi-Tang (BYT). However, the effects of both formulae on levels of leukocyte subsets are not yet defied. After administration of immno-suppressant to animals, the effects by HFs on the augmentation for subsets of leukocytes, CD positive cell counts of lymphocytes, and the cytokine-producing cells are measured. Our results show that SDT augments the level of lymphocytes, while BYT increases the level of granulocytes. In our clinical study with 15 healthy volunteers, positive cells for CD2, CD11b, CD14, IL-4, IL-1β and IFN-γ in peripheral blood are increased significantly 15 days after the ingestion of HFs. In rodents, compromised host as well as normal animal is administered with cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mytomycin-C). Our observations show that SDT regulates phagocyte activities of the immune system, introducing it against intracellular parasite, and that BYT augments intercellular pathogen through humoral immunity. We discuss the significance and mechanism of HFs on the level of leukocyte subsets in number and function that are considered to be potential indicators for the evaluation of TCM modalities. We also propose an idea that TCM exhibits tonic effects via enhancing the ability to fight against infection and bacteria, as well as turning the multi-drug resistant bacteria to the sensitive ones. Together with these evidences, we suggest an ideal remedy for the compromised to fight host against pathogens. Moreover, we try to modify these hemopoietic formulae to more digestive forms. This modification brings to the significant lifted up for antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells.

Regulative effect for natural killer cell by hot spring hydrotherapy—Quantitative and qualitative discussion

Along with maintaining immune competent cells, one of the purposes of cancer patient is regulating the first line of defense for survival. Moreover, the factors that influence the acquired immune activity are systemic metabolic disorder in diabetes, malnutrition, extreme exhaustion, stresses, aging and medical side effect such as chemotherapy. So we have to select appropriate menu to regulate immune function through leukocyte storage. Especially, NK cell is first line of defense against virus infected cell and/or tumor cell. In order to recommend the effect of hot spring hydrotherapy on the peripheral white blood cells as a parameter for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) within a short period, the granulocytes, lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets in their peripheral blood were monitored. In the young group (35 or less), the number of granulocytes clearly decreased after hydrotherapy. In the older group (over 35 years old), the total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantly increased after the therapy. Using a FACScan, we investigated CD2, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19 and CD56 positive cell as well as the cytokine containing cell, as direct assessment for immunological preparation (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-1β). After hydrotherapy, the CD16+ cells also increased outstandingly. However, the CD19+ cells clearly decreased. Moreover, there was a decrease in the cytokine-producing cell count of subjects whose blood cells had a higher number of the cell level before. All of the results indicated that hot spring hydrotherapy could regulate the immune system even in normal human. Like this, blood hormonal level was measured in order to know the mechanism of the quantitative and qualitative, adjustment of the leucocytes becomes possible within a short term. As a result of measuring, 7 kinds of hormone including mainly adrenocortical hormones, adrenalin level reduced in constitution dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the leukocyte by the hydrotherapy is closely related to dynamics of blood hormonal level.