Solid polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries:From microstructures to properties

All-solid-state lithium(Li)metal batteries(ASSLMBs)are considered one of the most promising secondary batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and high safety performance.However,low room-temperature ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability are two key factors affecting the practical application of ASSLMBs,and our understanding of the mechanisms behind these key problems from microscopic perspective is still limited.In this review,the mechanisms and advanced characterization techniques of ASSLMBs are summarized to correlate the microstructures and properties.Firstly,we summarize the challenges faced by solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)in ASSLMBs,such as the low roomtemperature ionic conductivity and the poor interfacial stability.Secondly,several typical improvement methods of polymer ASSLMBs are discussed,including composite SPEs,ultra-thin SPEs,SPEs surface modification and Li anode surface modification.Finally,we conclude the characterizations for correlating the microstructures and the properties of SPEs,with emphasis on the use of emerging advanced techniques(e.g.,cryo-transmission electron microscopy)for in-depth analyzing ASSLMBs.The influence of the microstructures on the properties is very important.Until now,it has been difficult for us to understand the microstructures of batteries.However,some recent studies have demonstrated that we have a better understanding of the microstructures of batteries.Then we suggest that in situ characterization,nondestructive characterization and sub-angstrom resolution are the key technologies to help us further understand the batteries'microstructures and promote the development of batteries.And potential investigations to understand the microstructures evolution and the batteries behaviors are also prospected to expect further reasonable theoretical guidance for the design of ASSLMBs with ideal performance.

钦杭成矿带中段钨锡与铜多金属矿床的深部探测

联合使用野外与显微构造调查、断层中方解石微量元素与C-O同位素分析、岩脉中锆石U-Pb定年与广域电磁测深来重建钦杭成矿带中段构造-岩浆成矿的时空演化过程与揭示其成因联系。研究结果表明,存在4期构造变形事件:D1变形为东西向挤压,D2变形为从SE向NW的逆冲,D3变形为NW到SE的伸展事件,伴随着大规模的花岗岩体侵位以及与之有关的钨锡与铜铅锌成矿,D4变形为成矿后的右型走滑。另外,在野外露头与深部钻孔中发现两期方解石,第二期稀土配分型式主要为LREE富集型,具有低的δ^(18)OSMOW值(9.78‰~12.3‰),与矿床中方解石的稀土配分型式一致,证实断层中第二期方解石与钨锡和铜铅锌成矿关系密切。广域电磁剖面进一步揭示~5km深度的构造-岩浆岩矿床的几何学特征,花岗岩体的区域断层侵入。推测浅部的钨锡与铜铅锌矿体往深部(1.5~4km)具有稳定的延深。因此,地表调查、地球化学分析与广域电磁测深结合的方法在覆盖区对钨锡与铜铅锌矿床的深部探测十分有效。

Considerable molecular interactions enable robust electrochemical properties:hydrogen bonds in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been in a dominant position in the new energy industry because of their excellent comprehensive performance.The performance of LIBs highly depends on the microstructures of the materials that constitute LIBs.Particularly,the relatively“weak”molecular interactions instead of the common-discussed strong chemical-bonding always affect the structures and the consequent properties of the components in LIBs.As a typical example,the hydrogen bonds,which widely exist inside LIBs,greatly improved the mechanical strength,lithium ion(Li^(+))transport rate and the intrinsic stabilities towards boosting performance of LIBs.This review starts from the interaction force between molecules,and especially summarizes the correlation between the formation of hydrogen bonds and the properties of the typical components in LIBs(cathode,anode,electrolyte,separator).In addition,how the formation of hydrogen bonds affects the performance of LIBs components is discussed.Finally,the strategies of combining hydrogen bonds with LIBs components in the future are prospected,which provide guidance for the rational design of high-performance LIBs.