Role of RIPK1 in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distresssyndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening pulmonary disease typically caused bymicrobial infections, trauma, inhalation of harmful gases, and other factors. It is characterized by an inflammation inthe lungs and increased alveolar permeability, leading to pulmonary edema and consequently, a low oxygen supply orhypoxemia. ARDS is responsible for 1 in 10 admissions to intensive care units, and the mortality rate for patientswith severe ARDS is as high as 46%. Extensive efforts have been devoted to investigating the pathological mechanismsof ARDS to develop new effective clinical strategies. Recent studies have reported that receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) is involved in the pathogenesis of ARDS. RIPK1 is a critical mediator of programmed celldeath and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that RIPK1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of differentinflammatory diseases and serves as a promising pharmaceutical target. This review summarizes and sheds some lighton the recent findings regarding the role of RIPK1 and related molecules in the pathogenesis of ARDS.

Piceatannol attenuates streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes inmice

As a natural analog of resveratrol,piceatannol(Pic)exhibits good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different disease models.However,the role of Pic in type 1 diabetes mousemodel has not been reported yet.In this study,we investigated the in vivo effect of Pic in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice.Mice were injected with STZ to establish the type 1 diabetesmellitus(T1DM)model.After stable hyperglycemia was achieved,mice were then orally treated with Pic(40 mg/kg b.w.,i.g.)for 30 days.The results indicated that Pic supplementation efficiently alleviated the typical symptoms associated with T1DM,including body weight loss,polydipsia,hyperglycemia,and hypoinsulinemia.Pic treatment also improved the glucose tolerance of STZ-induced diabetic mice.In addition,Pic supplementation markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules TNF-αand IL-6,the expression of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress markers GRP78 and CHOP,and the level of oxidative stress in T1DM mice.Moreover,Pic administration also partly reversed the metabolic profiles of STZ-treated mice as detected by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)-based metabolomics.Our study suggested that the therapeutic potential of Pic in type 1 diabetes and the anti-diabetic effects of Pic may be associated with its activities to suppress oxidative stress,inflammation,and ER stress.

Role of pyroptotic cell death in the pathogenesis of NASH

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)represents a huge threat to public health of the whole world.Around 25%of NAFLD patients will progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),which has been predicted to be the main reason for liver transplantation in the United States in 2020.Extensive effort has been devoted to investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of NASH pathogenesis and developing new promising treatments.Recent studies have demonstrated that pyroptosis,an inflammatory programmed cell death mediated by inflammasome and gasdermin-D(GSDMD),is involved in the development and progression of NASH.This review aims to summarize the recent findings regarding the role of pyroptosis and related molecules in the pathogenesis of NASH.

B Cell-mediated Humoral Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

B cell-mediated humoral immunity plays a vital role in viral infections,including chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,which remains a critical global public health issue.Despite hepatitis B surface antigen-specific antibodies are essential to eliminate viral infections,the reduced immune functional capacity of B cells was identified,which was also correlated with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)progression.In addition to B cells,T follicular helper(Tfh)cells,which assist B cells to produce antibodies,might also be involved in the process of anti-HBVspecific antibody production.Here,we provide a comprehensive review of the role of various subsets of B cells and Tfh cells during CHB progression and discuss current novel treatment strategies aimed at restoring humoral immunity.Understanding the mechanism of dysregulated B cells and Tfh cells will facilitate the ultimate functional cure of CHB patients.