以培养应用研究型人才为核心改革普通化学原理实验

介绍了大类招生后,西安交通大学化学教学实验中心针对面向理科平台学生开设的普通化学原理实验进行改革的情况,改革包括更新实验教学内容,采用混合式教学方法,融入课程思政元素和强化过程考核等,加强对学生的环保意识、主动探索意识、科研思维能力及实事求是的科学态度的培养及取得的效果。

青海海南州地区藏、汉族颈动脉斑块与Hcy及hs-CRP的比较

目的比较青海海南地区藏、汉族人群颈动脉斑块与血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的关系。方法﹑采用随机抽样方法筛查常住海拔3000米左右脑卒中危险人群(318例),用彩超测量颈总动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)。根据测量结果,分为藏、汉族颈动脉斑块阳性组和阴性组。收集研究对象的临床资料,采集血样冷冻,利用循环酶法、散射比浊法分别测定血浆Hcy和hs-CRP水平。分析青海海南地区藏、汉族人群颈动脉斑块检出情况及其与血浆Hey,hs-CRP的关系和民族间差异。结果﹑藏族颈动脉斑块检出率为26.9%,高于汉族17.0%(χ^2=4.462,P<0.05);藏、汉族颈动脉斑块阳性组血浆Hcy、hs-CRP水平高于阴性组(16.7±4.2 vs 11.0±4.0,5.3±2.2 vs 2.3±1.9;12.8±3.10s 9.1±2.9,6.5±2.4 vs 3.7±2.1。P均<0.01);藏族血浆Hcy水平高于汉族(P<0.01),而血浆hs-CRP水平低于汉族(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,IMT、Hcy,hs-CRP水平是颈动脉斑块形成的危险因素。结论青海海南地区藏族颈动脉硬化发生率高于汉族,可能与藏族血浆Hcy水平高于汉族相关;藏族hs-CRP水平低于汉族。

高原脑卒中高危汉族人群颈动脉斑块与相关检验指标的研究

目的分析不同海拔地区脑卒中高危汉族人群颈动脉斑块与血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和血红细胞计数(RBC)的关系。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,筛查常住青海西宁地区(海拔约2200 m,中海拔)和青海海南州地区(海拔约3000m,高海拔)年龄≥60岁的脑卒中高危人群300例,根据海拔分为中海拔组150例和高海拔组150例,用颈动脉彩色超声测量颈总动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT),用循环酶法测定血浆Hcy水平,散射比浊法测定血浆hs-CRP水平,用血细胞分析仪分析RBC。进行Pearson相关性分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果高海拔组颈动脉斑块检出率明显高于中海拔组(53.3%vs 41.3%,χ2=4.332,P=0.037);2组斑块者血浆Hcy、hs-CRP、LDL-C和IMT高于无颈斑块者(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,IMT、血浆Hcy、hs-CRP、RBC是颈动脉斑块形成的危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01);高海拔组血浆Hcy、hs-CRP和RBC高于中海拔组(P<0.01)。结论血浆Hcy、hs-CRP和RBC是高海拔环境颈动脉斑块发生的危险因素。

荧光碳点的制备及其荧光特性的研究和应用

围绕具有优良荧光发光特性的无机纳米材料——碳点,设计一个本科化学实验。通过"自下而上"的方法分别制备蓝色、绿色荧光碳点溶液;考察荧光碳点溶液的荧光激发和发射光谱关系,相对法测定荧光量子产率;探究不同浓度和pH条件下的荧光光谱变化;并将荧光碳点应用到防伪技术领域,加深学生对荧光材料的相关荧光概念和表征手段如荧光激发光谱、荧光发射光谱、荧光量子产率,术语如Stokes位移和荧光影响因素等理论知识的理解,同时通过防伪应用开拓学生的思维,鼓励学生将课堂所学应用到实际生产生活中。

Cu_(2)O微晶可控化制备、显微图像分析及可见光催化性能的研究

为了让学生了解纳米材料的一般合成方法及灌输纳米材料的可控化合成理念,采用绿色合成方法液相还原法制备不同颜色的Cu_(2)O微米粒子。该实验以葡萄糖为还原剂,通过班氏试剂在碱性条件下进行反应,成功合成了不同尺寸和形貌的氧化亚铜溶胶,用生物显微镜对样品进行形貌表征,通过自制立方晶系晶体的形状模型探讨Cu_(2)O形貌控制机理,从而实现对其形貌和粒径的有效控制,并考查了Cu_(2)O作为可见光催化剂对有机染料亚甲基蓝的降解性能。本实验涉及纳米材料的合成、调控及应用,有利于培养学生的观察能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力,同时,纳米材料应用于有机染料的污水处理中,对培养学生的环保意识和专业强国意识也有很大帮助。

磁性材料的制备及其污水处理性能测试——基于混合式教学的综合实验

利用活性炭吸附特性和纳米四氧化铁的磁性,设计并制备一种低成本、可回收的Fe_(3)O_(4)@C复合材料,对其磁性及水处理性能进行研究,以解决传统水处理材料不能重复利用且易残留于水体中问题的综合实验。本实验以问题为导向,Fe_(3)O_(4)@C复合材料为载体,帮助学生掌握无机纳米材料的基本制备、性能表征方法,提高学生数据处理及解读能力,同时提供一种新的综合实验教学新模式——混合式教学,即通过大型仪器介绍、使用和数据软件学习采用线上教学,而材料制备及污水处理性能评价采用线下实践相结合的模式,解决传统无机化学实验材料前沿表征手段与数据处理训练较为薄弱的问题。本实验可作为无机化学、现代仪器分析等理论课程的配套综合实验。

Soil Fungal Diversity and Community Composition in Response to Continuous Sweet Potato Cropping Practices

Soil fungi are extremely important for maintaining soil health and plant production in agricultural systems.Currently,the effect of continuous cropping of sweet potato on soil fungal communities and physiochemical parameters has not been well documented.In the present study,four sweet potato fields consecutively monocultured for 1,2,3,and 4 years were selected to investigate the effect of monoculture on soil fungal communities through Illumina MiSeq sequencing.Continuous cropping of sweet potatoes dramatically altered the fungal community composition,whereas fungal diversity was almost unchanged.Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant phyla in all soil samples,accounting for 32.59%and 21.14%of the average relative abundance,respectively.The abundance of some potential pathogens,such as Ascobolus spp,specifically Ascobolus stercorarius,and some unknown fungi increased significantly as the sweet potato monoculture period increased,and their presence were highly positively correlated with disease incidence.In contrast,Basidiomycota,Bullera,Fusarium and Trichocladium most likely play roles as antagonists of sweet potato disease development,as their relative abundance decreased significantly over time and were negatively correlated with disease incidence.Redundancy and correlation analyses revealed that soil pH and organic carbon content were the most important factors driving these changes.Our findings provided a dynamic overview of the fungal community and presented a clear scope for screening beneficial fungi and pathogens of sweet potato.

Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community in Roots and Rhizosphere of Invasive Cenchrus incertus and Native Plant in Inner Mongolia,China

Plant invasions could significantly alter arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungal communities, but the effect may vary with plant species and local environments. Identifying changes in the AM fungal community due to plant invasion could improve our understanding of the invasion processes. Here, we examined the AM fungal community composition both in roots and rhizosphere soils of the invasive plant Cenchrus incertus and the dominant native plant Setaria viridis in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses(T-RFLP). The results showed that AM fungal abundance in the rhizosphere soils of C. incertus was significantly lower than that of S. viridis. The AM fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soils of the two plant species also largely differed. In general, AM fungal community structures in roots corresponded very well to that in rhizosphere soils for both plant species. The dominant AM fungal type both in invasive and native plants was T-RFLP 524 bp, which represents Glomus sp.(Virtual taxa 109 and 287). Three specific T-RF types(280,190 and 141bp) were significantly more abundant in C. incertus, representing three clusters in Glomus which also named as VT(virtual taxa) 287, 64 and 214, Rhizophagus intraradices(VT 113) and Diversispora sp.(VT 60). While the specific T-RF types,189 and 279 bp, for S. viridis, only existed in Glomus cluster 1(VT 156), were significantly less abundant in C. incertus. These results indicated that AM fungi might play an important role in the invasion process of C. incertus, which still remains to be further investigated.

Growth and Reproduction and Immune Traits of a New Intermediate Population of Enshi Black Pig

[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three populations( Goutou type,Shizitou type and an intermediate type between them) of Enshi Black pig were surveyed,and the correlations among these traits were analyzed.[Results]The health score of pregnant sows,average litter size and weight gain of piglets of intermediate type were all very significantly higher than those of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.01).The percentage of lymphocytes of intermediate type was significantly higher than that of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.05).The number of white blood cells( WBCs) and the number of neutrophils of intermediate type very were significantly higher than those of the other two types( P < 0.01).The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + double positive T cells( helper/inducer T lymphocytes) and CD3 + CD8 + double positive T cells( suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio( the ratio of helper T cells/suppressor T cells) of intermediate type were all significantly higher than those of the other two types.Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between health score and litter size( P < 0.01,R = 0.336),a significant negative correlation between the percentage of lymphocytes and the number of neutrophils( P < 0.05,R =-0.733),and a significant correlation between the percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and the number of platelets( P < 0.05,R = 0.700).[Conclusions] The intermediate type Enshi Black pig inherits the excellent traits of both Goutou type and Shizitou types,and thus has better growth,reproduction and immune traits than the other two types.