Pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles:a review of surface chemistry,contaminant mobility,and future research avenues to fill the gaps

Nanoparticles are abundant in the subsurface,soil,streams,and water bodies,and are often a critical control on elemental speciation,transport and cycling in the natural environment.This review provides an overview of pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles(PBNPs),their surface properties and reactivity towards aqueous species.We focus specifically on biochar-derived nanoparticles and activated carbon-derived nanoparticles which fall under our classification of PBNPs.Activated carbon-iron(nano)composites are included in some instances where there are significant gaps in literature because of their environmental relevance.Increased use of activated carbon,along with a resurgence in the manufacture and application of biochar for water treatment and soil amendment,has generated significant concerns about the mobility and toxicity of PBNPs derived from the bulk material in environmental applications.Recent examples are discussed to highlight current progress in understanding the influence of PBNPs on contaminant transport,followed by a critical discussion of gaps and future research directions.

Arsenic removal from water and soils using pristine and modified biochars

Arsenic(As)is recognized as a persistent and toxic contaminant in the environment that is harmful to humans.Biochar,a porous carbonaceous material with tunable functionality,has been used widely as an adsorbent for remediating As-contaminated water and soils.Several types of pristine and modified biochar are available,and significant efforts have been made toward modifying the surface of biochars to increase their adsorption capacity for As.Adsorption capacity is influenced by multiple factors,including biomass pyrolysis temperature,pH,the presence of dissolved organic carbon,surface charge,and the presence of phosphate,silicate,sulfate,and microbial activity.Improved As adsorption in modified biochars is attributed to several mechanisms including surface complexation/precipitation,ion exchange,oxidation,reduction,electrostatic interactions,and surface functional groups that have a relatively higher affinity for As.Modified biochars show promise for As adsorption;however,further research is required to improve the performance of these materials.For example,modified biochars must be eco-friendly,cost-effective,reliable,efficient,and sustainable to ensure their widespread application for immobilizing As in contaminated water and soils.Conducting relevant research to address these issues relies on a thorough understanding of biochar modifications to date.This study presents an in-depth review of pristine and modified biochars,including their production,physicochemical properties,and As adsorption mechanisms.Furthermore,a comprehensive evaluation of biochar applications is provided in As-contaminated environments as a guide for selecting suitable biochars for As removal in the field.