A lateral ankle sprain during a lateral backward step in badminton:A case report of a televised injury incident

Background:This study presents a kinematic analysis of an acute lateral ankle sprain incurred during a televised badminton match.The kinematics of this injury were compared to those of 19 previously reported cases in the published literature.Methods:Four camera views of an acute lateral ankle sprain incurred during a televised badminton match were synchronized and rendered in3-dimensional animation software.A badminton court with known dimensions was built in a virtual environment,and a skeletal model scaled to the inj ured athlete’s height was used for skeletal matching.The ankle joint angle and angular velocity profiles of this acute injury were compared to the summarized findings from 19 previously reported cases in the published literature.Results:At foot strike,the ankle joint was 2° everted,33° plantarflexed,and 18° internally rotated.Maximum inversion of 114° and internal rotation of 69° was achieved at 0.24 s and 0.20 s after foot strike,respectively.After the foot strike,the ankle joint moved from an initial position of plantarflexion to dorsiflexion-from 33° plantarflexion to 53° dorsiflexion(range=86°).Maximum inversion,dorsiflexion,and internal rotation angular velocity were 1262°/s,961°/s,and 677°/s,respectively,at 0.12 s after foot strike.Conclusion:A forefoot landing posture with a plantarflexed and internally rotated ankle joint configuration could incite an acute lateral ankle sprain injury in badminton.Prevention of lateral ankle sprains in badminton should focus on the control and stability of the ankle joint angle during forefoot landings,especially when the athletes perform a combined lateral and backward step.

A systematic review of running-related musculoskeletal injuries in runners

Objective:Running-related musculoskeletal injuries(RRMIs),especially stemming from overuse,frequently occur in runners.This study aimed to systematically review the literature and determine the incidence and prevalence proportion of RRMIs by anatomic location and specific pathology.Methods:An electronic database search with no date beginning restrictions was performed in SPORTDiscus,PubMed,and MEDLINE up to June 2020.Prospective studies were used to find the anatomic location and the incidence proportion of each RRMI,whereas retrospective or cross-sectional studies were used to find the prevalence proportion of each RRMI.A separate analysis for ultramarathon runners was performed.Results:The overall injury incidence and prevalence were 40.2%±18.8%and 44.6%±18.4%(mean±SD),respectively.The knee,ankle,and lower leg accounted for the highest proportion of injury incidence,whereas the knee,lower leg,and foot/toes had the highest proportion of injury prevalence.Achilles tendinopathy(10.3%),medial tibial stress syndrome(9.4%),patellofemoral pain syndrome(6.3%),plantar fasciitis(6.1%),and ankle sprains(5.8%)accounted for the highest proportion of injury incidence,whereas patellofemoral pain syndrome(16.7%),medial tibial stress syndrome(9.1%),plantar fasciitis(7.9%),iliotibial band syndrome(7.9%),and Achilles tendinopathy(6.6%)had the highest proportion of injury prevalence.The ankle(34.5%),knee(28.1%),and lower leg(12.9%)were the 3 most frequently injured sites among ultramarathoners.Conclusion:The injury incidence proportions by anatomic location between ultramarathoners and non-ultramarathoners were not significantly different(p=0.798).The pathologies with the highest incidence proportion of injuries were anterior compartment tendinopathy(19.4%),patellofemoral pain syndrome(15.8%),and Achilles tendinopathy(13.7%).The interpretation of epidemiological data in RRMIs is limited due to several methodological issues encountered.

The applications of wearable devices in the rehabilitation of ankle injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Wearable devices have been used in the treatment and rehabilitation of ankle injuries.This article systematically reviewed the trials that summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment after an ankle injury.Three databases,PubMed(1974–2021),Embase,and Web of Science(1950–2021),were searched.The intervention was any wearable device,and the outcome measures were Activities Scale for Kids performance(ASKp),Foot and Ankle Outcome Score(FAOS),American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS),Olerud-Molander Ankle Score(OMAS),and Circumference as measured by any validated outcome measure.Two independent authors evaluated the studies with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.Four papers were included,involving 476 participants,with a mean age of 29.3±6.7 years.The mean duration of wearable devices was 3.83 weeks,and the mean length of training was 3.75 weeks.Wearable devices achieved better results compared with control on the functional performance(standardized mean difference[SMD]0.66;95%confidence interval[CI]0.29 to 1.04;I^(2)=76%;P<0.001),as well as ankle score(SMD 0.78;95%CI 0.22 to 1.35;I^(2)=82%;P<0.001).The definitive judgment could not be made due to the variability in training,training duration,and outcomes measurement.Wearable devices are a promising approach that has positive effects on ankle injuries in terms of functional performance and reducing the extent of swelling.There is insufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials(RCTs)to support this for ankle injury patients using wearable devices.Therefore,there is an need for well-conducted randomized controlled trials investigating more adaptive orthoses to achieve more effective strategies for early functional rehabilitation.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42021246289.

Effect of biophysical interventions on balance and postural control in patients with ankle instability:A systematic review

Ankle sprains have been one of the most prevalent injuries in active populations.This study aims to summarize the evidence of the effect of the biophysical techniques on balance and postural control in patients with ankle instability,and provide an overview of the application of biophysical interventions in patients with chronic ankle instability(CAI).A systematic search was conducted to include ten articles from 1989 to 2022 in this study.These articles were classified into two categories of balance and postural control.The authors identified a total of 1267 papers and decided to include 10 of them in the systematic review.The Star Excursion Balance Test(SEBT)technique can help clinicians identify balance deficits and postural control,including a comprehensive evaluation of joint stability,strength,and sensorimotor function that would be undetected with single-leg stance static tests.These ten studies involved 481 participants with a mean age of 25.5±6.3 years.The mean duration time of the interventions was 5.4±2.4 weeks and the mean session training duration time was 36.7±17.0 min.The Kinesio taping(KT)and both the soft and semi-rigid orthosis brace may be productive in enhancing dynamic balance assessed by Star Excursion Balance Test.The use of SG may improve perceived ankle instability and dynamic postural control(i.e.,anterior reach during SEBT)of patients with CAI.Regarding the intervention group,no homogeneity results in uncertainties about which techniques of intervention affect balance and postural control.

Functional Electrical Stimulation of Peroneal Muscles on Balance in Healthy Females

Balance improvement could contribute to ankle stability for the prevention of ankle sprains.Functional electrical stimulation(FES)is an effective way of augmenting muscle activity and improving balance.This study investigated the effect of FES of peroneal muscles on single-and double-leg balance.Fifteen healthy females(age=23:1±1:6 years,height=1:63±0:07m,and weight=63:7±9:9 kg)performed single-and double-leg standing balance tests with eyes open and closed before and after 15-minute FES intervention during treadmill running at a comfortable,self-selected pace.FES of peroneal muscles was provided bilaterally,using an Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator.The total excursion of the centre of pressure(COP)was calculated to assess the standing balance control ability.The total excursion of COP in single-and double-leg stance with eyes open reduced significantly after FES intervention by 14.7%(p<0:001)and 5.9%(p=0:031),respectively.The eyes-closed condition exhibited a 12.7%(p=0:002)reduction in single-leg stance but did not significantly change in double-leg stance(p>0:05).Limb preference did not account for balance postintervention.No significant difference in total excursion of COP was found between preferred and less preferred limbs with both visual conditions(p>0:05).FES of peroneal muscles improved standing balance control with eyes open in double-leg and single-leg stance and with eyes closed in double-leg stance.The improvements in balance control with FES treatment did not vary concerning limb preference.

Effect of exercise interventions and prophylactic devices on reducing peroneal muscle reaction time by sudden ankle perturbation:A systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine whether interventions could improve peroneal reaction time in both healthy and those with injured ankle participants based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.An electronic search of the following database was carried out:MEDLINE,ScienceDirect and SPORTDiscus(1965–2020).Studies utilising sudden ankle inversion to measure peroneal reaction times were selected.28 studies were included for the systematic review,and 18 studies for the meta-analysis.The peroneal reaction time for pre-and post-intervention were compared into two groups,Group 1 was therapeutic exercise intervention,and Group 2 was prophylactic devices.The results showed a statistically significant difference in reduced peroneal reaction time in favour of participants in the exercise group(SMD=0.74,95%CI[1.09,0.39],p<0.001,I^(2)80%),while the prophylactic devices group showed no significant difference between control and intervention group.The effect size measured was 0.81 and 0.31 in Group 1 and Group 2,respectively.Faster peroneal muscle onset reaction time post-intervention,which was found following therapeutic exercise,should be considered for rehabilitation and preventing of ankle sprain injury.

Application of Interactive Video Games as Rehabilitation Tools to Improve Postural Control and Risk of Falls in Prefrail Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine whether interactive video game(IVG)training is an effective way to improve postural control outcomes and decrease the risk of falls.A convenience sample of 12 prefrail older adults were recruited and divided into two groups:intervention group performed IVG training for 40 minutes,twice per week,for a total of 16 sessions.The control group received no intervention and continued their usual activity.Outcome measures were centre of pressure(COP),mean velocity,sway area,and sway path.Secondary outcomes were Berg Balance Scale,Timed Up and Go(TUG),Falls Efficacy Scale International(FES-I),and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence(ABC).Assessment was conducted with preintervention(week zero)and postintervention(week eight).The intervention group showed significant improvement in mean velocity,sway area,Berg Balance Scale,and TUG(p<0:01)compared to the control group.However,no significant improvement was observed for sway path(p=0:35),FES-I(p=0:383),and ABC(p=0:283).This study showed that IVG training led to significant improvements in postural control but not for risk of falls.