Update on the use of 45S5 bioactive glass in the treatment of bone defects in regenerative medicine

Bone regeneration is a critical area in regenerative medicine,particularly in orthopedics,demanding effective biomedical materials for treating bone defects.45S5 bioactive glass(45S5 BG)is a promising material because of its osteoconductive and bioactive properties.As research in this field continues to advance,keeping up-to-date on the latest and most successful applications of this material is imperative.To achieve this,we conducted a comprehensive search on Pub-Med/MEDLINE,focusing on English articles published in the last decade.Our search used the keywords“bioglass 45S5 AND bone defect”in combination.We found 27 articles,and after applying the inclusion criteria,we selected 15 studies for detailed examination.Most of these studies compared 45S5 BG with other cement or scaffold materials.These comparisons demonstrate that the addition of various composites enhances cellular biocompatibility,as evidenced by the cells and their osteogenic potential.Moreover,the use of 45S5 BG is enhanced by its antimicrobial properties,opening avenues for additional investigations and applications of this biomaterial.

Anatomophysiological relationships and clinical considerations of taste and smell loss in patients with COVID-19

BACKGROUND There are numerous conflicting discussions about the outbreak of the new coronavirus 2019(COVID-19).AIM To present some anatomical and physiological considerations about two of the symptoms reported by patients:The loss or reduction of smell and taste.METHODS The loss or reduction of smell and taste is presented in a peculiar way,with some cases of persistence even after COVID-19.For this,it was searched in three databases,PubMed/MEDLINE,Web of Science,and Scopus,using the following keywords:"Smell","Taste","Smell AND COVID-19","Taste AND COVID-19",with no publication time restriction,only in English with full text available,excluding also brief communications,letters to the editor,editorials,reviews,comments,and conference abstracts.RESULTS The search found 776 articles in the PubMed/MEDLINE database,1018 in the Web of Science database,and 552 in the Scopus database,from which duplicates were removed(104 articles).Finally,17 studies were selected for detailed analysis within the eligibility criteria,with titles and abstracts related to central nervous system lesions responsible for smell and taste.This review suggests that viral mechanisms of action may be related to lesions both at the local level and at the level of the central nervous system,lasting up to 3 to 4 wk.It is considered persistent if it exceeds this period,as reported in one case in this review.There are still few studies about the treatment,and among those addressed in this review,only two studies reported possible treatments and emphasized the scarcity of data,with the best option being treatments that do not cause harm,such as gustatory and olfactory physiotherapy CONCLUSION Given the scarcity of data,this review emphasizes the importance of prevention,through the correct use of personal protective equipment by health professionals and respect for local behavioral indications.It is also emphasized,through five studies,that there is a predominance of such symptoms in patients with COVID-19,which can be a tool to control dissemination,through the early isolation of patients until the results are ready.

Gene expression analysis of cytokines and MMPs in melatonin and rhBMP-2 enhanced bone remodeling

BACKGROUND In the medical and dental fields,there is a need for studies of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of bone defects that cause extensive bone loss.Melatonin may be an important endogenous biological factor for bone remodeling,and growth factors may enhance the repair process.AIM To evaluate the gene expression of cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10 and TNF-α),markers of osteoclastogenesis(RANK,RANKL and OPG)and MMPs(MMP-1,MMP-2,MMP-8 and MMP-13)from the treatment of melatonin associated with an osteogenic membrane and rhBMP-2 on the recovery of a bone injury.METHODS Sixty-four rats were used and divided into 9 experimental groups and were formed according to the treatment carried out in the region of the bone lesion,which varied between the combination of 1,10 and 100μmol/L of melatonin.Gene Expression analysis was performed using real time-PCR by reading the concentration of total RNA and reverse transcription.RESULTS There were differences between groups when compared with clot or scaffold control,and improvement with a higher concentration of melatonin or rhBMP-2.The combination melatonin(1μg)with 5μg of rhBMP-2,using the guided bone regeneration technique,demonstrated some effects,albeit mild,on bone repair of critical bone defects.CONCLUSION This indicates that the approach for administering these substances needs to be reassessed,with the goal of ensuring their direct application to the affected area.Therefore,future research must be carried out,seeking to produce materials with these ideal characteristics.