A multidisciplinary approach in recognizing seep-carbonates:A case study from the Loiano Formation(late Eocene)in the northern Apennines(Italy)

Carbonate deposits related to active seeps are documented along most continental margins and are characterized by peculiar seep-related facies and by chemical(isotope signature),paleontological and mineralogical markers.Their fossil analogues are recognized all over the world by the same features and occurred since the beginning of Phanerozoic.In this paper,we present a new seep outcrop(Castagneto village,Reggio Emilia,northern Italy)belonging to the late Eocene Loiano Formation which,to our knowledge,is in Italy the most ancient seep deposit with not-reworked chemosymbiotic fauna.The outcrop can be roughly divided into two portions,a northern part showing abundant presence of macrofossils in silty carbonate matrix and subhorizontal subdivisions,and a southern part,where macrofossils are almost absent,characterized by sub-vertical internal subdivisions and a clear vertical structure consisting of the rhythmic alternation of light and dark mineralization.Detailed analysis of samples from the southern portion showed the occurrence of authigenic calcite and pyrite,the latter with a peculiar framboidal texture.This feature,together with the occurrence of chemosymbiotic species and~(13)C isotope depletion,suggests possible hydrocarbon-rich fluid-related genesis and provides useful criteria for identifying hydrocarbon-rich fluid-related deposits in geologic units.

Zooming in REE and Other Trace Elements on Conodonts:Does Taxonomy Guide Diagenesis?

Conodont elements are calcium phosphate(apatite structure)mineralized remains of the cephalic feeding apparatus of an extinct marine organism.Due to the high affinity of apatite for rare earth elements(REE)and other high field strength elements(HFSE),conodont elements were frequently assumed to be a reliable archive of sea-water composition and changes that had occurred during diagenesis.Likewise,the crystallinity index of bioapatite,i.e.,the rate of crystallinity of biologically mediated apatite,should be generally linearly dependent on diagenetic alteration as the greater(and longer)the pressure and temperature to which a crystal is exposed,the greater the resulting crystallinity.In this study,we detected the uptake of HFSE in conodont elements recovered from a single stratigraphic horizon in the Upper Ordovician of Normandy(France).Assuming therefore that all the specimens have undergone an identical diagenetic history,we have assessed whether conodont taxonomy(and morphology)impacts HFSE uptake and crystallinity index.We found that all conodont elements are characterized by a clear diagenetic signature,with minor but significant differences among taxa.These distinctions are evidenced also by the crystallinity index values which show positive correlations with some elements and,accordingly,with diagenesis;however,correlations with the crystallinity index strongly depend on the method adopted for its calculation.