In researches that examine neuroplasticity, many studies that are performed directly on isolated neurons in the pyramidal cells of CA1 area (CA1) and slices of the hippocampus indicate that changes occur at the molecu...In researches that examine neuroplasticity, many studies that are performed directly on isolated neurons in the pyramidal cells of CA1 area (CA1) and slices of the hippocampus indicate that changes occur at the molecular and cellular levels during long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), and these changes are dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) acid receptors and/or purinergic receptors. Electrophysiological studies and the chemical induction of LTP of synaptic neurotransmissions provide key evidence that LTP is dependent on the volume of Ca2+ influx through postsynaptic NMDA receptors, in addition to the subsequent activation and autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the increase in the density of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors on postsynaptic neuronal membranes. The primary peculiarity of LTP in the central nervous system (CNS) excitatory synapses is the synthesis of additional AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic elements. Furthermore, the proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has an important role in the synaptic neuroplasticity of the CNS. Proteases from the serine family and metalloproteinases of the extracellular matrix are localized within the synapses and are released into the extracellular space in proportion to the degree of neuronal excitation. These enzymes cause changes in the morphology, shape and size, as well as the overall number of synapses and synthesize new synaptic connections. The proteinases also change the function of receptors, and consequently, the secretions of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic elements are strengthened or weakened.展开更多
The proteolysis of the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the synaptic neuroplasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in learning and memory. Proteases from the serine family and metalloprote...The proteolysis of the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the synaptic neuroplasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in learning and memory. Proteases from the serine family and metalloproteinases of the extracellular matrix are localized within the synapses and are released into the extracellular space in proportion to the degree of neuronal excitation. These enzymes cause changes in the morphology, shape and size, and the overall number of synapses and synthesize new synaptic connections. The proteinase also changes the function of receptors, and consequently, the secretion of neurotransmitter/neuromodulator from the presynaptic glutamatergic and/or purinergic elements are either strengthened or weakened. Neuroglia involved in homeostasis, melanin synthesis and defense of the brain contain different combinations of purinergic receptors, which contributes to many neurotransmitters. This review summarizes a concept of brain plasticity, the role of ATP and P2 receptors interaction with glutamatergic system during plasticity of the brain in the one hand and after physical exercise in the other, which may be triggering phenomena facilitative synaptic plasticity as well as potentiates an personal efficiency to react to biobehavioral adaptation and disorders.展开更多
文摘In researches that examine neuroplasticity, many studies that are performed directly on isolated neurons in the pyramidal cells of CA1 area (CA1) and slices of the hippocampus indicate that changes occur at the molecular and cellular levels during long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), and these changes are dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) acid receptors and/or purinergic receptors. Electrophysiological studies and the chemical induction of LTP of synaptic neurotransmissions provide key evidence that LTP is dependent on the volume of Ca2+ influx through postsynaptic NMDA receptors, in addition to the subsequent activation and autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the increase in the density of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors on postsynaptic neuronal membranes. The primary peculiarity of LTP in the central nervous system (CNS) excitatory synapses is the synthesis of additional AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic elements. Furthermore, the proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has an important role in the synaptic neuroplasticity of the CNS. Proteases from the serine family and metalloproteinases of the extracellular matrix are localized within the synapses and are released into the extracellular space in proportion to the degree of neuronal excitation. These enzymes cause changes in the morphology, shape and size, as well as the overall number of synapses and synthesize new synaptic connections. The proteinases also change the function of receptors, and consequently, the secretions of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic elements are strengthened or weakened.
文摘The proteolysis of the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the synaptic neuroplasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in learning and memory. Proteases from the serine family and metalloproteinases of the extracellular matrix are localized within the synapses and are released into the extracellular space in proportion to the degree of neuronal excitation. These enzymes cause changes in the morphology, shape and size, and the overall number of synapses and synthesize new synaptic connections. The proteinase also changes the function of receptors, and consequently, the secretion of neurotransmitter/neuromodulator from the presynaptic glutamatergic and/or purinergic elements are either strengthened or weakened. Neuroglia involved in homeostasis, melanin synthesis and defense of the brain contain different combinations of purinergic receptors, which contributes to many neurotransmitters. This review summarizes a concept of brain plasticity, the role of ATP and P2 receptors interaction with glutamatergic system during plasticity of the brain in the one hand and after physical exercise in the other, which may be triggering phenomena facilitative synaptic plasticity as well as potentiates an personal efficiency to react to biobehavioral adaptation and disorders.
