北京孙氏糕点模具民俗文化探析

糕点作为传统饮食中的常见食品,每逢岁时佳节,糕点便成为喜庆佳品,其精致丰富的图案造型,不仅增添节庆的仪式感,也成为承载人们祈愿美好生活的载体。糕点模具作为辅助糕点塑造成型的工具,除具有实用价值外,更蕴藏着丰富的文化价值,经过历史的发展,其内涵深深镌刻在糕点模具的方寸之间。北京孙氏糕点模具历史悠久,雕刻技艺精细,题材样式广泛,纹饰内容丰富,是北京地区糕点模具制作的代表,不仅反映了北京丰富的民俗文化,也体现出北京民众对生活的情感表达,展现了北京独特的地域文化特色。

Relative specificity of acupuncture reinforcing and reducing methods

OBJECTIVE:To probe the effects of acupuncture reinforcing and reducing methods on the human body.METHODS:Studied acupuncture reinforcing and reducing actions in the ancient literature,based on modern clinical and experimental studies,in combination with experience of acupuncture teaching and clinical treatment.RESULTS:The key to the generation of reinforcing and reducing actions is not the acupuncture reinforcing and reducing methods themselves,but instead the functional state of the patient during the acupuncture.When reinforcing and reducing methods act on the human body,a reinforcing-reducing effect is produced through regulation of Qi,indicating that the production of the reinforcing-reducing effect requires a certain condition.Specifically,acupuncture does not produce the reinforcing-reducing effect under all conditions,but can produce a reinforcing effect in patients with deficiency syndrome and a reducing effect in patients with excess syndrome.CONCLUSION:Reinforcing and reducing methods each have therapeutic effects on both deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome,but a reinforcing method should be selected first for deficiency syndrome and a reducing method should be selected first for excess syndrome.

政党政治视角下的德国移民问题

德国有四分之一的人口具有移民背景,是欧洲最主要的移民和难民接收国,近十几年来移民议题在德国政治中的显著性不断上升,2015年后爆发的难民危机加速了这一进程。本文梳理了德国移民问题的发展,并从政党政治的视角,分析了21世纪以来主要政党在移民问题上的立场和背后的影响因素。意识形态和德国特殊社会历史因素是影响政党政策选择的两大主要因素。政党需要在移民问题的不同阐释方式之间寻求平衡,以使其移民政策符合政党的意识形态立场,主流政党的意识形态基础更复杂,其政策选择面临更多掣肘,在极右翼的冲击下保持温和、稳定。德国基于血缘的身份认同模式使部分政党的融合政策较为保守,同时德国对排外主义的警惕也限制了反移民政党的活动。随着移民现实的不断发展和德国经济社会的变化,移民问题的复杂性进一步提升,德国政党围绕这一问题的争论仍将继续。