We described anew species of the Amolops mantzorum group(Anura:Ranidae) from northwestern Hunan Province,China based on morphological and molecular evidence.The new species differs from its congeners by a combination ...We described anew species of the Amolops mantzorum group(Anura:Ranidae) from northwestern Hunan Province,China based on morphological and molecular evidence.The new species differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characteristics:moderate body size of SVL 403-409 mm in adult males(N=3),and 52.6-57.7 mm in adult females(N=3);head length about equal to or larger than head width(HDL/HDW 1.01-1.03);skin on dorsum smooth;dorsolateral folds absent,but developed a series of elongated glands forming an incomplete line;dense small spiny tubercles on lower flanks,and sparse flat tubercles on upper flanks;skin on belly slightly granular,posterior half of ventral surface of thigh glandular;tympanum indistinct,small,covered by glandular skin;presence of dense spiny tubercles around the mouth corner;vomerine teeth present,attached on two oblique ridges;presence of supernumerary tubercles below the bases of fingers Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ;several protruding tubercles around the cloacal region,with a pair of larger tubercles on sides of the anus;webs on each side of toe Ⅳ reaches the region between third subarticular tubercle and digit;and absence of vocal sacs and linea masculine in males.展开更多
A new species of gekkonid,Hemiphyllodactylus dupanglingensis sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Hunan Province,China.The new species is phylogenetically close to H.zugi,H.hongkongensis,H.dushanensis,and ...A new species of gekkonid,Hemiphyllodactylus dupanglingensis sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Hunan Province,China.The new species is phylogenetically close to H.zugi,H.hongkongensis,H.dushanensis,and H.huishuiensis,and can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of cha racters:9-11 chin scales;postmental scales enlarged;9-12 infralabials,11-14 supralabials;14-16 dorsal scales and 10-11 ventral scales longitudinally arranged at the midbody contained with one eye diameter;a manual lamellar formula of 4-4-5-4 or 4-5-5-4 and a pedal lamellar formula of 4-5-5-5 or 5-6-6-4;21-25 continuous precloacal and femoral pores in males.展开更多
Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis (formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis) is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically enda...Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis (formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis) is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Re- search carried out on the Mangshan pitviper's population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper's head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and af- ter ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining un- changed after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.展开更多
We describe a new species from the family Salamandridae from northeastern Hunan Province of China based on morphological and molecular genetic evidences.The new species,Tylototriton liuyangensis,is a member of the T.a...We describe a new species from the family Salamandridae from northeastern Hunan Province of China based on morphological and molecular genetic evidences.The new species,Tylototriton liuyangensis,is a member of the T.asperrimus group,and shares a number of similarities with T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus.The dorsal surface of the new Tylototriton species is completely black,with nodule-like warts distributed evenly along the lateral margin of dorsal body,and there is no transverse striae between the warts.There are several diagnostic characters of the new species that differ from those of T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus as follows:(1)the interorbital space(IOS)is comparatively wide;(2)there is a bony ridge present on the dorsal head surface,running along the upper eyelids;(3)the space between axilla and groin(AGS)is comparatively large,with the mean male AGS approximately equal to 50%of the snout-vent length(SVL)and the mean female AGS being 53%of SVL;and(4)there is a small genital armature on the anterior angle of labial folds present inside the anal fissure of adult males during the breeding season.The result from the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tylototriton(including the type specimen of the new species)based on the complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial ND2 gene(1035 bp)indicated that the new species was similar to T.wenxianensis,T.dabienicus,and T.broadoridgus,but formed an independent clade.This result was consistent with the morphological analysis above,supporting that the Liuyang Population represented a distinct species.展开更多
A new species of the genus Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983, was described from Jilong County, southern Tibet, China, and Chungthang, northern Sikkim, India. It differs from congeners by the following character...A new species of the genus Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983, was described from Jilong County, southern Tibet, China, and Chungthang, northern Sikkim, India. It differs from congeners by the following characters: 1) relatively large body size (total length up to 1510 mm); 2) dorsal scale rows 25-25-19; 3) except for the smooth outermost row, dorsal scales are weakly keeled; 4) relatively high number of ventral (198-216) and subcaudal (65-76 pairs) scales; 5) 7-8 supralabials; 6) 11 to 13 infralabials; 7) dorsal head uniform dark brown, laterally a reddish-brown obscure postocular streak; 8) dorsum of trtmk and tail olive, with distinct black edged red brown transverse bands across the body and tail; and 9) eye from bright brown and reddish brown to mildly brown. The new species was also observed from the Haa Valley in western Bhutan.展开更多
In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). Each entry ...In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). Each entry provides the information of the original description, the catalog number of the holotype, sex, type locality, and information of allotype and paratype(if any), number and distribution of deposited specimens, and comments. Additionally, two invalid species and one invalid subspecies are discussed.展开更多
Gut microbiota play important roles in the immunity,digestion,and energy meta bolism of their reptile hosts.Mangshan pit viper(Protobothrops mangshanensis)is a critically endangered snake species that is a Class I nat...Gut microbiota play important roles in the immunity,digestion,and energy meta bolism of their reptile hosts.Mangshan pit viper(Protobothrops mangshanensis)is a critically endangered snake species that is a Class I national protected species in China.Little is known regarding the relationship between P.mangshanensis and their gut microbial communities.In this study,the gut microbiota of wild P.mangshanensis individuals,artificially hiberna ting captive individuals,and non-hibernating captive individuals were compared across nine samples.Comparative shotgun metagenomic analysis was used to investigate the taxonomic composition,diversity,and function of P.mangshanensis gut microbial communities and assess whether their gut microbiomes were affected by their living environments and captivity conditions.The dominant phyla within P.mangshanensis gut microbial communities were Proteobacteria(65.55%),Bacteroidetes(15.97%),and Firmicutes(8.11%).Enriched functional pathways within the gut microbiota included meta bolism(54.9%),environmental information processing(9.67%),and genetic information processing(9.37%).Wild snake gut communities exhibited higher microbial diversity than the other two groups.The gut microbiomes of wild and hibernating captive snakes may be more reflective of healthy intestinal homeostasis than that in nonhibernating snakes.Specifically,non-hibernating snakes exhibited increased levelsof potentially pathogenic populations and functional specialization within gut microbial communities.Thus,different livingenvironments and captivitymethodsmay correspond to major shifts in microbiota composition,diversity,and function within P.mangshanensis.This study provides important insights to help guide the conservation of P.mangshanensis,while also carrying broad implications for our understanding of the effects of living environments and non-hibernating captivity conditions on the gut microbiota of snakes.展开更多
Two surveys of opinions about wildlife conservation were carried out in Hunan Province,China,before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)epidemic.Hunan is the northern neighbor of Guangdong Province,wh...Two surveys of opinions about wildlife conservation were carried out in Hunan Province,China,before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)epidemic.Hunan is the northern neighbor of Guangdong Province,where the first SARS case was reported.The custom of consuming wild meat was not common in Hunan 30 years ago.However,in recent years,consumption of wildlife such as snakes has spread to northern China.We handed out 1300 questionnaires between 22 February and 10 May 2002,before the SARS epidemic.Survey sites included the provin-cial capital,major cities,towns,and villages in Hunan.Another 1300 questionnaires were distributed between 10 March and 10 May 2004,after the SARS epidemic.The 2004 survey covered the same sites as the 2002 survey.Questionnaire recovery rates for the 2002 and 2004 surveys were 81.2%and 84.6%,respectively.The valid return rate was 73.0%.Frog,snake,hare,and pheasant were the wild meats most frequently eaten by local people.At the time of the first survey,more than 80%of interviewees claimed to have eaten frogs.That number had reduced to 60%by the time of the second survey.Monkey,Chinese pangolin,and bear paw were the wild meats least frequently eaten.Although palm civet was suspected to be the carrier of SARS,it was interesting to note that,after the SARS epidemic,the proportion of people surveyed who ate palm civets had declined only slightly.The results of the surveys indicate a low level of conservation consciousness;however,after the SARS and bird flu epidemics,there were obvious changes in the conservation consciousness of people in Hunan Province.We recommend some measures that could be taken to change the habits of people who consume wildlife.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31472021)the National Key Wildlife Subsidy Fund Project of Hunan Province(No.2021-326)+1 种基金the project for Endangered Wildlife Investigation,Supervision and Industry Regulation of the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China(No.202207-HN-001)the project for Endangered Wildlife Protection of Hunan Forestry Bureau of China(No.HNYB-202201)。
文摘We described anew species of the Amolops mantzorum group(Anura:Ranidae) from northwestern Hunan Province,China based on morphological and molecular evidence.The new species differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characteristics:moderate body size of SVL 403-409 mm in adult males(N=3),and 52.6-57.7 mm in adult females(N=3);head length about equal to or larger than head width(HDL/HDW 1.01-1.03);skin on dorsum smooth;dorsolateral folds absent,but developed a series of elongated glands forming an incomplete line;dense small spiny tubercles on lower flanks,and sparse flat tubercles on upper flanks;skin on belly slightly granular,posterior half of ventral surface of thigh glandular;tympanum indistinct,small,covered by glandular skin;presence of dense spiny tubercles around the mouth corner;vomerine teeth present,attached on two oblique ridges;presence of supernumerary tubercles below the bases of fingers Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ;several protruding tubercles around the cloacal region,with a pair of larger tubercles on sides of the anus;webs on each side of toe Ⅳ reaches the region between third subarticular tubercle and digit;and absence of vocal sacs and linea masculine in males.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31472021)the Project for Endangered Wildlife Investigation,Supervision and Industry Regulation of the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China(No.2019072-HN-001)。
文摘A new species of gekkonid,Hemiphyllodactylus dupanglingensis sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Hunan Province,China.The new species is phylogenetically close to H.zugi,H.hongkongensis,H.dushanensis,and H.huishuiensis,and can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of cha racters:9-11 chin scales;postmental scales enlarged;9-12 infralabials,11-14 supralabials;14-16 dorsal scales and 10-11 ventral scales longitudinally arranged at the midbody contained with one eye diameter;a manual lamellar formula of 4-4-5-4 or 4-5-5-4 and a pedal lamellar formula of 4-5-5-5 or 5-6-6-4;21-25 continuous precloacal and femoral pores in males.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31071946)the Wild Animal Conservation Fund of the State Forestry Administration of China (2011)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan, China (No. 09JJ3030)
文摘Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis (formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis) is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Re- search carried out on the Mangshan pitviper's population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper's head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and af- ter ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining un- changed after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.
基金supported by NSFC (31071906)the Public Welfare Scientific Research Project, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China (201209028)the Construct Program of the Key Discipline in Hunan Province (CSUFT-2013001)
文摘We describe a new species from the family Salamandridae from northeastern Hunan Province of China based on morphological and molecular genetic evidences.The new species,Tylototriton liuyangensis,is a member of the T.asperrimus group,and shares a number of similarities with T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus.The dorsal surface of the new Tylototriton species is completely black,with nodule-like warts distributed evenly along the lateral margin of dorsal body,and there is no transverse striae between the warts.There are several diagnostic characters of the new species that differ from those of T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus as follows:(1)the interorbital space(IOS)is comparatively wide;(2)there is a bony ridge present on the dorsal head surface,running along the upper eyelids;(3)the space between axilla and groin(AGS)is comparatively large,with the mean male AGS approximately equal to 50%of the snout-vent length(SVL)and the mean female AGS being 53%of SVL;and(4)there is a small genital armature on the anterior angle of labial folds present inside the anal fissure of adult males during the breeding season.The result from the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tylototriton(including the type specimen of the new species)based on the complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial ND2 gene(1035 bp)indicated that the new species was similar to T.wenxianensis,T.dabienicus,and T.broadoridgus,but formed an independent clade.This result was consistent with the morphological analysis above,supporting that the Liuyang Population represented a distinct species.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program2007CB411600)+5 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST Grant 2011FY120200)the Capability Support Project for Nature Reserve (Finance-Agri [2008] 297)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31090250, 31071946)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YW-Z-0807, KSCX2-EW-Z-2)the Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan, China
文摘A new species of the genus Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983, was described from Jilong County, southern Tibet, China, and Chungthang, northern Sikkim, India. It differs from congeners by the following characters: 1) relatively large body size (total length up to 1510 mm); 2) dorsal scale rows 25-25-19; 3) except for the smooth outermost row, dorsal scales are weakly keeled; 4) relatively high number of ventral (198-216) and subcaudal (65-76 pairs) scales; 5) 7-8 supralabials; 6) 11 to 13 infralabials; 7) dorsal head uniform dark brown, laterally a reddish-brown obscure postocular streak; 8) dorsum of trtmk and tail olive, with distinct black edged red brown transverse bands across the body and tail; and 9) eye from bright brown and reddish brown to mildly brown. The new species was also observed from the Haa Valley in western Bhutan.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.3147202131372173)grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST Grant 2011FY120200,Grant 2005DKA21402)
文摘In the present study, we report the six type specimens and two paratypes of eight lizard species in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). Each entry provides the information of the original description, the catalog number of the holotype, sex, type locality, and information of allotype and paratype(if any), number and distribution of deposited specimens, and comments. Additionally, two invalid species and one invalid subspecies are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31472021)the Project for Wildlife Conservation and Management of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China (Grant No. 2021-HN-001)the Wildlife Conservation Project of Hunan Province (Grant No. HNYB2019-001)
文摘Gut microbiota play important roles in the immunity,digestion,and energy meta bolism of their reptile hosts.Mangshan pit viper(Protobothrops mangshanensis)is a critically endangered snake species that is a Class I national protected species in China.Little is known regarding the relationship between P.mangshanensis and their gut microbial communities.In this study,the gut microbiota of wild P.mangshanensis individuals,artificially hiberna ting captive individuals,and non-hibernating captive individuals were compared across nine samples.Comparative shotgun metagenomic analysis was used to investigate the taxonomic composition,diversity,and function of P.mangshanensis gut microbial communities and assess whether their gut microbiomes were affected by their living environments and captivity conditions.The dominant phyla within P.mangshanensis gut microbial communities were Proteobacteria(65.55%),Bacteroidetes(15.97%),and Firmicutes(8.11%).Enriched functional pathways within the gut microbiota included meta bolism(54.9%),environmental information processing(9.67%),and genetic information processing(9.37%).Wild snake gut communities exhibited higher microbial diversity than the other two groups.The gut microbiomes of wild and hibernating captive snakes may be more reflective of healthy intestinal homeostasis than that in nonhibernating snakes.Specifically,non-hibernating snakes exhibited increased levelsof potentially pathogenic populations and functional specialization within gut microbial communities.Thus,different livingenvironments and captivitymethodsmay correspond to major shifts in microbiota composition,diversity,and function within P.mangshanensis.This study provides important insights to help guide the conservation of P.mangshanensis,while also carrying broad implications for our understanding of the effects of living environments and non-hibernating captivity conditions on the gut microbiota of snakes.
基金Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(no.CXTDS2005-4)the Chinese Natural Scientific Foundation(no.30270206)for supporting this study financially.
文摘Two surveys of opinions about wildlife conservation were carried out in Hunan Province,China,before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)epidemic.Hunan is the northern neighbor of Guangdong Province,where the first SARS case was reported.The custom of consuming wild meat was not common in Hunan 30 years ago.However,in recent years,consumption of wildlife such as snakes has spread to northern China.We handed out 1300 questionnaires between 22 February and 10 May 2002,before the SARS epidemic.Survey sites included the provin-cial capital,major cities,towns,and villages in Hunan.Another 1300 questionnaires were distributed between 10 March and 10 May 2004,after the SARS epidemic.The 2004 survey covered the same sites as the 2002 survey.Questionnaire recovery rates for the 2002 and 2004 surveys were 81.2%and 84.6%,respectively.The valid return rate was 73.0%.Frog,snake,hare,and pheasant were the wild meats most frequently eaten by local people.At the time of the first survey,more than 80%of interviewees claimed to have eaten frogs.That number had reduced to 60%by the time of the second survey.Monkey,Chinese pangolin,and bear paw were the wild meats least frequently eaten.Although palm civet was suspected to be the carrier of SARS,it was interesting to note that,after the SARS epidemic,the proportion of people surveyed who ate palm civets had declined only slightly.The results of the surveys indicate a low level of conservation consciousness;however,after the SARS and bird flu epidemics,there were obvious changes in the conservation consciousness of people in Hunan Province.We recommend some measures that could be taken to change the habits of people who consume wildlife.