Recent advances of mechanosensitive genes in vascular endothelial cells for the formation and treatment of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its complications are a high-incidence disease worldwide.Numerous studies have shown that blood flow shear has a huge impact on the function of vascular endothelial cells,and it plays an important role in gene regulation of pro-inflammatory,pro-thrombotic,pro-oxidative stress,and cell permeability.Many impor-tant endothelial cell mechanosensitive genes have been discovered,including KLK10,CCN gene family,NRP2,YAP,TAZ,HIF-1α,NF-kB,FOS,JUN,TFEB,KLF2/KLF4,NRF2,and ID1.Some of them have been intensively studied,whereas the relevant regulatory mechanism of other genes remains unclear.Focusing on these mechanosensitive genes will provide new strategies for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerotic vascular disease.Thus,this article reviews the mechanosensitive genes affecting vascular endothelial cells,including classical pathways and some newly screened genes,and summarizes the latest research progress on their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to reveal effective therapeutic targets of drugs and provide new insights foranti-atherosclerosis.

Mechano-sensitive TET1s inhibits endothelial athero-susceptible phenotype through regulating YAP phosphorylation

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease and one of the major causes of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.Accumulating evidence indicates that endothelial dysfunc-tion is the initiating step in atherosclerosis.The pattern of local blood flow becomes disturbed(low and oscillatory shear stress[OSS])in the curved or branched segments of the arterial tree,causing endothelial cells(ECs)to exhibit athero-susceptible phenotypes,such as hyperproliferation and inflammation.

Effect of intraplaque angiogenesis to atherosclerotic rupture-prone plaque induced by high shear stress in rabbit model

Atherosclerotic prone-rupture plaque is mainly localized in the region of the entrance to the stenosiswith high shear stress and the reasons are largely unknown. Our hypothesis is that such a distributionof cells in atherosclerotic plaque may depend on the angiogenesis. Silastic collars inducedregions of high shear stress (20.6865.27 dynes/cm2) in the upstream flow and low shear stress(12.2561.28 dynes/cm2) in the downstream flow in carotid arteries. Compared with the low shearstress region, plaques in the high shear stress region showed more intraplaque haemorrhaging,less collagen and higher apoptotic rates of vascular smooth muscle cells;endothelial cells (ECs) inthe high shear stress region were characterized with integrity and high endothelial nitric oxidesynthase (eNOS) expression (1570.36345.5% vs 172.9649.9%). The number of intraplaque microvesselsis very high in the high shear stress region (1561.8 n/mm2 vs 3.560.4 n/mm2), and themicrovessels in the plaque show ECs were abnormal, with membrane blebs, intracytoplasmic vacuolesand leukocyte infiltration. Our current study reveals that the integrity of the endothelium andthe vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques are simultaneously localized in high shear stress regions,and we provide evidence for the first time that microvessels in the intraplaque maybe responsiblefor rupture-prone plaque formation in the high shear stress region.

Research trends and hotspot topics of exosomes based on citespace bibliometric analysis

Exosomes are membrane vesicles that exist in pathological or normal cells and are considered to be specifically secreted,contain complex RNAs and proteins,participate in intercellular communication functions,and have functions in organismal immune response,antigen presentation,cell migration,cell differentiation,and tumor invasion.In recent years,with the explosion of the development of minimally invasive diagnostics,the research of exosomes has been rapidly developed,and the number of articles published in this field has increased dramatically,and many articles summarize the published papers in a review-type analysis.In this paper,we use bibliometric analysis combined with theoretical analysis and pathfinding network scaling to visualize data and objectively count the development process,current research,and development trend of the corresponding field by analyzing the literature of the specified field.This paper presents the data visualization by analyzing the literature of the specified field to objectively count the development process,current research and development trend of the corresponding field.This paper presents a retrospective analysis and review of the articles on exosomes in the last 20 years(2001–2021)based on the bibliometric analysis method of CiteSpace software,while presenting the problems of current research and discussing the challenges encountered in the future,hoping to provide new ideas for the development of research in this field.