Impact of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise and short-term interval training on interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

Background: Exercise promotes numerous phenotypic adaptations in skeletal muscle that contribute to improved function and metabolic capacity. An emerging body of evidence suggests that skeletal muscle also releases a myriad of factors during exercise, termed "myokines". The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIIT) on the acute regulation of the mRNA expression of several myokines, including the prototypical myokine interleukin-6(IL-6), and recently identified myokines fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)(irisin) and meteorin-like protein(METRNL).Methods: Both before and after a 20-day period of twice-daily high-volume HIIT, 9 healthy males(20.5 ± 1.5 years performed a standardized bout of high-intensity interval exercise(HIIE; 5 × 4 min at ~80% pretraining peak power output) with skeletal muscle biopsy samples(vastus lateralis) obtained at rest, immediately following exercise, and at 3 h recovery.Results: Before training, a single bout of HIIE increased IL-6(p < 0.05) and METRNL(p < 0.05) mRNA expression measured at 3 h recovery when compared to rest. Following 20 days of HIIT, IL-6 and FNDC5 mRNA were increased at 3 h recovery from the standardized HIIE bout when compared to rest(both p < 0.05). Resting METRNL and FNDC5 mRNA expression were higher following training(p < 0.05), and there was an overall increase in FNDC5 mRNA post-training(main effect of training, p < 0.05).Conclusion: In human skeletal muscle(1) an acute bout of HIIE can induce upregulation of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA both before and after a period of intensified HIIT;(2) Resting and overall FNDC5 mRNA expression is increased by 20 days of HIIT; and(3) METRNL mRNA expression is responsive to both acute HIIE and short-term intense HIIT. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings at the protein and secretion level in humans.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Gadofluorine P and Gd-DOTA

AIM: To investigate the performance of Gadofluorine P-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) on the diagnosis of diabetes in a streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rat model.METHODS: Fischer 344 rats were treated with STZ.Rats not treated with STZ served as controls. T1-weighted MRI was performed using a 3T scanner before and after the injection of Gd-DOTA or Gadofluorine P(6 diabetic rats, 5 controls). The normalized signal intensity(SI) and the enhancement ratio(ER) of the pancreas were measured at each time point, and the values were compared between the normal and diabetic rats using the Mann-Whitney test. In addition,the values were correlated with the mean islet number.Optimal cut-off values were calculated using a positive test based on receiver operating characteristics.Intrapancreatic Gd concentration after the injection of each contrast media was measured using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in a separate set of rats(4 diabetic rats, 4 controls for Gadofluorine P; 2, 2 for Gd-DOTA).RESULTS: The normalized SI and ER of the pancreas using Gd-DOTA were not significantly different between diabetic rats and controls. With Gadofluorine P, the values were significantly higher in the diabetic rats than in the control rats 30 min after injection(P < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve that differentiated diabetic rats from the control group was greater for Gadofluorine P than for Gd-DOTA(0.967 vs 0.667, P = 0.085). An increase in normalized SI 30 min after Gadofluorine P was correlated with a decrease in the mean number of islets(r 2 = 0.510, P = 0.014). Intra-pancreatic Gd was higher in rats with Gadofluorine P injection than Gd-DOTA injection(Gadofluorine P vs Gd-DOTA, 7.37 vs 0.00, P < 0.01). A significant difference in the concentration of intrapancreatic Gd was observed between the control and diabetic animals that were sacrificed 30 min after Gadofluorine P injection(control vs diabetic, 3.25 ng/g vs 10.55 ng/g, P < 0.05)CONCLUSION: In this STZ-induced diabetes rat model,Gadofluorine P-enhanced MRI of the pancreas showed high accuracy in the diagnosis of diabetes.

Room Temperature Sol-Gel Fabrication and Functionalization for Sensor Applications

The structure and physical properties of a thin titania sol-gel layer prepared on silicon and silica surfaces were examined. Spectroscopic （FTIR, UV-VIS spectroscopy）, refractive index （ellipsometry） and microscopic （light microscopy and SEM/EDS） tools were used to examine both chemical uniformity and physical uniformity of the sol-gel glass layers. The conditions for the fabrication of uniform layers were established, and room temperature dopant incorporation was examined. The absorption bands of porphyrin-containing titania sol-gel layers were characterized. By addition of a metal salt to the titania layer, it was possible to metallate the free-base porphyrin within and change the UV-VIS absorbance of the porphyrin, the basis of metal detection using porphyrins. The metalloporphyrins were detected by localized laser ablation inductive coupled mass spectroscopy （LA-ICP-MS）, indicating fairly uniform distribution of metals across the titania surface.

新移动出行时代,影响未来五年的关键课题

汉莎航空创新中心的报告显示,目前在移动出行领域活跃的初创企业有2500家,其中,22家领先企业的总估值高达2300亿美元。正在市场中流通的电动汽车数量高达数百万辆,款式超过150种。在开展相关工作时,L.E.K.咨询强调移动出行领域中的六大颠覆性趋势(图1),这些趋势互联互通,它们将共同为移动出行生态系统带来彻底的改变。这些颠覆性趋势引发了五个关键的系统性问题,而它们将决定移动出行作为一种经济系统和社会基础设施在未来五年甚至更长远的发展方向。