从《马槽里的狗》谈西班牙黄金时代戏剧的英译与中译——戴维·约翰斯顿教授访谈

戏剧舞台翻译与戏剧文本翻译有极大的不同,如何使古典戏剧常演常新,并在不同文化背景的舞台上成功演出,是始终困扰着戏剧导演、编剧、译者、演员的重要问题。在与西班牙黄金时代代表性戏剧《马槽里的狗》英译者戴维·约翰斯顿教授的访谈中,他对译入语文化接受、节奏韵律双关习语的转换方式、剧场中的主体性、戏剧体裁、不同文化背景中的舞台表演等内容发表了看法。他指出,剧场中的一切都应以观众的接受为主,表演性始终应该被放在首位,从而达到戏剧与观众交流的目的,实现戏剧影响人性、启迪人生的社会功用,完成观众赋予戏剧的第二次生命。

Organic Fuel Synthesis from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Produced from Water by Electrolysis

Synthesis of organic fuels from carbon dioxide and hydrogen is analysed,in terms of energy recovery efficiency,and the required energy input for electrolysis of water.This electrical energy is related to the thermal energy required in a power station.A method is described to recover heat from energy-producing reactions in the fuel synthesis process,which can then be used to reduce the electrical energy requirement for electrolysis.By co-locating the fuel synthesis plant with a thermal power station,primary(thermal) energy can be used to produce high temperature steam,with a lower electrical requirement for electrolytic production of hydrogen.This can make more efficient use of the primary energy than a thermodynamic engine.Comparison is made with alternative fuels,in terms of energy budget,sustainability,carbon dioxide emissions,etc.The energy security benefits of advanced fuel synthesis are also identified.

Thin Film Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Panels

A solar panel is described,in which thin films of semiconductor are deposited onto a metal substrate.The semiconductor-metal combination forms a thin film photovoltaic cell,and also acts as a reflector-absorber tandem,which acts as a solar selective surface,thus enhancing the solar thermal performance of the collector plate.The use of thin films reduces the distance heat is required to flow from the absorbing surface to the metal plate and heat exchange conduits.Computer modelling demonstrated that,by suitable choice of materials,photovoltaic efficiency can be maintained,with thermal performance slightly reduced,compared to that for thermal-only panels.By grading the absorber layer-to reduce the band gap in the lower region-the thermal performance can be improved,approaching that for a thermal-only solar panel.

Islanding Operation of Electrical Systems in Buildings

A control system was developed, which allows on-site generators within a building to operate in islanding mode, in the event of loss of grid supply. The on-site generation included a photovoltaic array and a back-up induction generator. Regulation include avoidance of sudden voltage and frequency changes at the transition to islanding mode, maintaining voltage and frequency within limits during islanding, and phase matching when the grid supply is re-established. Possible modes of operation during islanding were photovoltaic array alone, generator alone, or both sources operating in parallel. Control methods were considered for each of these, and the resulting voltage and frequency regulation was anal sized. The results show that voltage and frequency could be kept within limits, except during the transitions to and from islanding. At these times, the transients were minimised.

A Review of Some Experimental Spray Methods for Marine Cloud Brightening

Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB), should it ever need to be deployed, envisions the formation of 1017salt Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) per second coming from each of several thousand vessels deployed worldwide. The creation of this many nuclei on such a vast scale, from micron- or submicron-sized seawater droplets, preferably mono-disperse, poses a considerable engineering challenge. Various existing or experimental spray methods were investigated for feasibility, resulting in the identification of a few with promising results. Electro-spraying from Taylor cone-jets, using either silicon micromachined long capillaries or short capillary polymer substrates attached to a porous substrate, appears to have the best potential for implementation of all the methods that have been investigated so far.

On-Line Independent Tap-Changing of Each Feeder Supplied by a Low Voltage Distribution Transformer

An on-line tap-changing circuit was developed for use with low voltage transformers (10 kV/380 V, or equivalent), in which the tap positions could be set independently for each low voltage feeder. This allows for possible variation in loads and distributed generation between different feeders fed from a given transformer, allowing the line voltages to be kept within limits on all feeders. A combination of computer simulation and practical experiments was used. A model constructed in Excel gave preliminary results, which was used to specify a more detailed model in Matlab? Simulink. A small-scale 220/380 V distribution network was constructed, with currents limited to 5 A per phase. Finally, a rotary switch was constructed, suitable for currents up to 500 A, which would be required for a full-scale low voltage distribution network. The results showed that the voltage could be kept within limits, even with a large difference in load and distributed generation from one feeder to another.

Reflections on a Science and Technology Agenda for 21st Century Disaster Risk Reduction Based on the Scientific Content of the 2016 UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–203

The first international conference for the post-2015 United Nations landmark agreements(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, Sustainable Development Goals, and Paris Agreement on Climate Change) was held in January 2016 to discuss the role of science and technology in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aimed to discuss and endorse plans that maximize science's contribution to reducing disaster risks and losses in the coming 15 years and bring together the diversity of stakeholders producing and using disaster risk reduction(DRR) science and technology. This article describes the evolution of the role of science and technology in the policy process building up to the Sendai Framework adoption that resulted in an unprecedented emphasis on science in the text agreed on by 187 United Nations member states in March 2015 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in June 2015. Contributions assembled by the Conference Organizing Committee and teams including the conference concept notes and the conference discussions that involved a broad range of scientists and decision makers are summarized in this article. The conference emphasized how partnerships and networks can advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice; how disaster risk is understood, and how risks are assessed and early warning systems are designed; what data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction; what research and capacity gaps exist and how difficulties in creating and using science for effective DRR can be overcome. The Science and Technology Conference achieved two main outcomes:(1) initiating the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership for the implementation of the Sendai Framework; and(2) generating discussion and agreement regarding the content and endorsement process of the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030.

Increasing the value of weather-related warnings

Despite advances in forecasting and emergency preparedness, weather related disasters continue to cost many lives, to displace populations and to cause wide-spread damage. Therefore, High Impact Weather Project (HIWeather), a 10-year research project (https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/buHetin/hiweather-10-yearresearch- project), was established in 2016 by WM0 (World Meteorology Organization) WWRP (World Weather Research Program: https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/wwrp_new_en. html). HIWeather aimed at achieving dramatic improvements in the effectiveness of weather-related hazard warnings, following recent advancement in numerical weather prediction at km-scale and in disaster risk reduction. The implementation plan was developed under the concept of warning chain, which comprises all components and the connections between to a successful weather-hazards warning: observations, weather forecast, hazard forecast, impact forecast, the generation of warnings and decision making (Fig. 1). A successful warning relies on information produced by the meteorological and related physical sciences, thus its effectiveness of delivery depends on applications of social, behavioral and economic sciences. The workshop of WM0 High Impact Weather Project was held in Beijing during 20-22 November of 2018, attracted a diverse and interdisciplinary group of over 70 scientists from 25 countries in the broad field of physical and social science, during which all elements of the warning chain were discussed critically.

Modified Usability Framework for Disaster Apps:A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of User Reviews

The public has access to a range of mobile applications(apps)for disasters.However,there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their usability.This study explores end-users'perceptions of the usability of disaster apps.It proposes a conceptual framework based on insights gathered from thematically analyzing online reviews.The study identifies new usability concerns particular to disaster apps'use:(1)content relevance depends on the app's purpose and the proximate significance of the information to the hazard event's time and location;(2)app dependability affects users'perceptions of usability due to the lifesafety association of disaster apps;(3)users perceive advertisements to contribute to their cognitive load;(4)users expect apps to work efficiently without unnecessary consumption of critical phone resources;(5)appropriate audio interface can improve usability,as sounds can boost an app's alerting aspect;and,finally(6)in-app browsing may potentially enhance users'impression of the structure of a disaster app.As a result,this study argues for focussed research and development on public-facing disaster apps.Future research should consider the conceptual framework and concerns presented in this study when building design guidelines and theories for disaster apps.

Evaluating Land Use and Emergency Management Plans for Natural Hazards as a Function of Good Governance:A Case Study from New Zealand

Plan evaluation is of utmost importance as a function of good governance. It provides a means to improve the institutional basis for implementing land use controls, provides an important opportunity to improve future plans to reduce risk, and improves the vision for sustainable development and management. This article provides an overview of the methods and findings of a plan evaluation project undertaken in New Zealand. The project analyzed 99 operative plans, provided in-depth analysis of ten plans, and included a capability and capacity study of councils. This is the first time all operative plans in New Zealand have had their natural hazard provisions assessed in this manner. The information provides an important baseline for future policy improvements, and a basis for future research and policy directions. The project found that, while New Zealand land use plans appear to be improving over time, there are still opportunities for improvement. These include improving linkages between objectives, policies, and rules within land use plans; and strengthening the linkages between land use and emergency management plans. The largest challenge is the accessibility, understanding of, and updating of hazard information.