Background： Three experiments were conducted to examine the overall hypothesis that addition of medium chain triglycerides（MCT） and cysteamine hydrochloride（CSH） into the diets of young and growing pigs would sti...Background： Three experiments were conducted to examine the overall hypothesis that addition of medium chain triglycerides（MCT） and cysteamine hydrochloride（CSH） into the diets of young and growing pigs would stimulate the endogenous somatotropic axis to improve growth and performance.Results： In Experiment 1, weaner pigs were given either a 5 d dietary supplement of 5 % MCT（n = 8） or a control diet（n = 8）. MCT increased the plasma concentration of growth hormone（GH; P ＆lt; 0.05） and the GH secretagogue,ghrelin（P ＆lt; 0.05）. Additionally, the MCT treatment reduced scouring（P ＆lt; 0.05）, maintained villous height in the small intestine（P ＆lt; 0.05） and stabilised daily weight gain（P ＆lt; 0.05）, compared to the controls. Experiment 2compared the effects of 4 levels（0, 1, 3 and 6 % v/v） of MCT supplementation in grower-finisher male pigs, of approximately 35 kg live weight（n = 15 per treatment）. Blood samples taken after 7 wk of treatment showed that the MCT supplementation increased circulating ghrelin（P ＆lt; 0.001）, GH（P ＆lt; 0.01） and insulin（P ＆lt; 0.05）concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the MCT diets. In Experiment 3, 64 female pigs of approximately 60 kg live weight were allocated to one of three dietary treatments： control（n = 20）; 6 % MCT（n = 21）; and 70 mg/kg CSH（n = 21）. After 3 wk of supplementation, the MCT treated pigs had a higher plasma concentration of ghrelin compared to the control and CSH pigs（P ＆lt; 0.05）. Plasma concentrations of GH and weight were not affected by any of the dietary treatments.Conclusions： Evidence is provided in Experiment 1 to support the use of dietary MCT supplements, perhaps acting via stimulation of somatotropic endocrine pathways, to minimise weaning-associated disorders such as slowing of growth and diarrhoea. In Experiments 2 and 3, although there was no effect on weight gain or feed conversion ratio in either experiment, MCT and CSH increased endocrine components of the somatotropic axis.展开更多
Background: This study investigated the validity of the DNA-marker based test to determine susceptibility to ETECF4 diarrhoea by comparing the results of two DNA sequencing techniques in weaner pigs following experime...Background: This study investigated the validity of the DNA-marker based test to determine susceptibility to ETECF4 diarrhoea by comparing the results of two DNA sequencing techniques in weaner pigs following experimental infection with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC-F4). The effects of diet and genetic susceptibility were assessed by measuring the incidence of piglet post-weaning diarrhoea(PWD), faecal E. coli shedding and the diarrhoea index.Results: A DNA marker-based test targeting the mucin 4 gene(MUC4) that encodes F4 fimbria receptor identified pigs as either fully susceptible(SS), partially or mildly susceptible(SR), and resistant(RR) to developing ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. To further analyse this, DNA sequencing was undertaken, and a significantly higher proportion of C nucleotides was observed for RR and SR at the Xba I cleavage site genotypes when compared to SS. However, no significant difference was found between SR and RR genotypes. Therefore, results obtained from Sanger sequencing retrospectively allocated pigs into a resistant genotype(MUC4–), in the case of a C nucleotide, and a susceptible genotype(MUC4+), in the case of a G nucleotide, at the single nucleotide polymorphism site. A total of 72 weaner pigs(age ~ 21 days), weighing 6.1 ± 1.2 kg(mean ± SEM), were fed 3 different diets:(i) positive control(PC) group supplemented with 3 g/kg zinc oxide(Zn O),(ii) negative control(NC) group(no Zn O or HAMSA),and(iii) a diet containing a 50 g/kg high-amylose maize starch product(HAMSA) esterified with acetate. At days five and six after weaning, all pigs were orally infected with ETEC(serotype O149:F4;toxins LT1, ST1, ST2 and EAST). The percentage of pigs that developed diarrhoea following infection was higher(P = 0.05) in MUC4+ pigs compared to MUC4– pigs(50% vs. 26.8%, respectively). Furthermore, pigs fed Zn O had less ETEC-F4 diarrhoea(P = 0.009) than pigs fed other diets, however faecal shedding of ETEC was similar(P > 0.05) between diets.Conclusion: These results confirm that MUC4+ pigs have a higher prevalence of ETEC-F4 diarrhoea following exposure, and that pigs fed Zn O, irrespective of MUC4 status, have reduced ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. Additionally,sequencing or quantifying the single nucleotide polymorphism distribution at the Xba I cleavage site may be more reliable in identifying genotypic susceptibility when compared to traditional methods.展开更多
The United States （U.S.） is facing a national opioid epidemic, and medical systems are in need of non- pharmacologic strategies that can be employed to decrease the public＇s opioid dependence. Acupuncture has emerg...The United States （U.S.） is facing a national opioid epidemic, and medical systems are in need of non- pharmacologic strategies that can be employed to decrease the public＇s opioid dependence. Acupuncture has emerged as a powerful, evidence-based, safe, cost-effective, and available treatment modality suitable to meeting this need. Acupuncture has been shown to be effective for the management of numerous types of pain conditions, and mechanisms of action for acupuncture have been described and are understandable from biomedical, physiologic perspectives. Further, acupuncture＇s cost-effectiveness can dramatically decrease health care expenditures, both from the standpoint of treating acute pain and through avoiding addiction to opioids that requires costly care, destroys quality of life, and can lead to fatal overdose. Numerous federal regulatory agencies have advised or mandated that healthcare systems and providers offer non-pharmacologic treatment options for pain. Acupuncture stands out as the most evidence-based, immediately available choice to fulfil these calls. Acupuncture can safely, easily, and cost-effectively be incorporated into hospital settings as diverse as the emergency department, labor and delivery suites, andneonatal intensive care units to treat a variety of commonly seen pain conditions. Acupuncture is already being successfully and meaningfully utilized by the Veterans Administration and various branches of the U.S. Military, in some studies demonstrably decreasing the volume of opioids prescribed when included in care.展开更多
基金supported by the Co-operative Research Centre for an Internationally Competitive Pork IndustryPork CRC Ltd(ACN:113 703 174)P.O.Box 466,Willaston,South Australia,5118,Australia
文摘Background： Three experiments were conducted to examine the overall hypothesis that addition of medium chain triglycerides（MCT） and cysteamine hydrochloride（CSH） into the diets of young and growing pigs would stimulate the endogenous somatotropic axis to improve growth and performance.Results： In Experiment 1, weaner pigs were given either a 5 d dietary supplement of 5 % MCT（n = 8） or a control diet（n = 8）. MCT increased the plasma concentration of growth hormone（GH; P ＆lt; 0.05） and the GH secretagogue,ghrelin（P ＆lt; 0.05）. Additionally, the MCT treatment reduced scouring（P ＆lt; 0.05）, maintained villous height in the small intestine（P ＆lt; 0.05） and stabilised daily weight gain（P ＆lt; 0.05）, compared to the controls. Experiment 2compared the effects of 4 levels（0, 1, 3 and 6 % v/v） of MCT supplementation in grower-finisher male pigs, of approximately 35 kg live weight（n = 15 per treatment）. Blood samples taken after 7 wk of treatment showed that the MCT supplementation increased circulating ghrelin（P ＆lt; 0.001）, GH（P ＆lt; 0.01） and insulin（P ＆lt; 0.05）concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the MCT diets. In Experiment 3, 64 female pigs of approximately 60 kg live weight were allocated to one of three dietary treatments： control（n = 20）; 6 % MCT（n = 21）; and 70 mg/kg CSH（n = 21）. After 3 wk of supplementation, the MCT treated pigs had a higher plasma concentration of ghrelin compared to the control and CSH pigs（P ＆lt; 0.05）. Plasma concentrations of GH and weight were not affected by any of the dietary treatments.Conclusions： Evidence is provided in Experiment 1 to support the use of dietary MCT supplements, perhaps acting via stimulation of somatotropic endocrine pathways, to minimise weaning-associated disorders such as slowing of growth and diarrhoea. In Experiments 2 and 3, although there was no effect on weight gain or feed conversion ratio in either experiment, MCT and CSH increased endocrine components of the somatotropic axis.
基金Australian Pork Limited and the Cooperative Research Centre for High Integrity Australian Pork(Pork CRC)for funding this studyan Australian Pork Limited Postgraduate Scholarship
文摘Background: This study investigated the validity of the DNA-marker based test to determine susceptibility to ETECF4 diarrhoea by comparing the results of two DNA sequencing techniques in weaner pigs following experimental infection with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC-F4). The effects of diet and genetic susceptibility were assessed by measuring the incidence of piglet post-weaning diarrhoea(PWD), faecal E. coli shedding and the diarrhoea index.Results: A DNA marker-based test targeting the mucin 4 gene(MUC4) that encodes F4 fimbria receptor identified pigs as either fully susceptible(SS), partially or mildly susceptible(SR), and resistant(RR) to developing ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. To further analyse this, DNA sequencing was undertaken, and a significantly higher proportion of C nucleotides was observed for RR and SR at the Xba I cleavage site genotypes when compared to SS. However, no significant difference was found between SR and RR genotypes. Therefore, results obtained from Sanger sequencing retrospectively allocated pigs into a resistant genotype(MUC4–), in the case of a C nucleotide, and a susceptible genotype(MUC4+), in the case of a G nucleotide, at the single nucleotide polymorphism site. A total of 72 weaner pigs(age ~ 21 days), weighing 6.1 ± 1.2 kg(mean ± SEM), were fed 3 different diets:(i) positive control(PC) group supplemented with 3 g/kg zinc oxide(Zn O),(ii) negative control(NC) group(no Zn O or HAMSA),and(iii) a diet containing a 50 g/kg high-amylose maize starch product(HAMSA) esterified with acetate. At days five and six after weaning, all pigs were orally infected with ETEC(serotype O149:F4;toxins LT1, ST1, ST2 and EAST). The percentage of pigs that developed diarrhoea following infection was higher(P = 0.05) in MUC4+ pigs compared to MUC4– pigs(50% vs. 26.8%, respectively). Furthermore, pigs fed Zn O had less ETEC-F4 diarrhoea(P = 0.009) than pigs fed other diets, however faecal shedding of ETEC was similar(P > 0.05) between diets.Conclusion: These results confirm that MUC4+ pigs have a higher prevalence of ETEC-F4 diarrhoea following exposure, and that pigs fed Zn O, irrespective of MUC4 status, have reduced ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. Additionally,sequencing or quantifying the single nucleotide polymorphism distribution at the Xba I cleavage site may be more reliable in identifying genotypic susceptibility when compared to traditional methods.
文摘The United States （U.S.） is facing a national opioid epidemic, and medical systems are in need of non- pharmacologic strategies that can be employed to decrease the public＇s opioid dependence. Acupuncture has emerged as a powerful, evidence-based, safe, cost-effective, and available treatment modality suitable to meeting this need. Acupuncture has been shown to be effective for the management of numerous types of pain conditions, and mechanisms of action for acupuncture have been described and are understandable from biomedical, physiologic perspectives. Further, acupuncture＇s cost-effectiveness can dramatically decrease health care expenditures, both from the standpoint of treating acute pain and through avoiding addiction to opioids that requires costly care, destroys quality of life, and can lead to fatal overdose. Numerous federal regulatory agencies have advised or mandated that healthcare systems and providers offer non-pharmacologic treatment options for pain. Acupuncture stands out as the most evidence-based, immediately available choice to fulfil these calls. Acupuncture can safely, easily, and cost-effectively be incorporated into hospital settings as diverse as the emergency department, labor and delivery suites, andneonatal intensive care units to treat a variety of commonly seen pain conditions. Acupuncture is already being successfully and meaningfully utilized by the Veterans Administration and various branches of the U.S. Military, in some studies demonstrably decreasing the volume of opioids prescribed when included in care.
