Prediction of high-embankment settlement combining joint denoising technique and enhanced GWO-v-SVR method

Reliable long-term settlement prediction of a high embankment relates to mountain infrastructure safety.This study developed a novel hybrid model(NHM)that combines a joint denoising technique with an enhanced gray wolf optimizer(EGWO)-n-support vector regression(n-SVR)method.High-embankment field measurements were preprocessed using the joint denoising technique,which in-cludes complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition,singular value decomposition,and wavelet packet transform.Furthermore,high-embankment settlements were predicted using the EGWO-n-SVR method.In this method,the standard gray wolf optimizer(GWO)was improved to obtain the EGWO to better tune the n-SVR model hyperparameters.The proposed NHM was then tested in two case studies.Finally,the influences of the data division ratio and kernel function on the EGWO-n-SVR forecasting performance and prediction efficiency were investigated.The results indicate that the NHM suppresses noise and restores details in high-embankment field measurements.Simultaneously,the NHM out-performs other alternative prediction methods in prediction accuracy and robustness.This demonstrates that the proposed NHM is effective in predicting high-embankment settlements with noisy field mea-surements.Moreover,the appropriate data division ratio and kernel function for EGWO-n-SVR are 7:3 and radial basis function,respectively.

Review of Iron-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Capturing and utilizing CO_(2)from the production process is the key to solving the excessive CO_(2)emission problem. CO_(2)hydrogenation with green hydrogen to produce olefins is an effective and promising way to utilize CO_(2)and produce valuable chemicals. The olefins can be produced by CO_(2)hydrogenation through two routes, i.e., CO_(2)-FTS (carbon dioxide Fischer- Tropsch synthesis) and MeOH (methanol-mediated), among which CO_(2)-FTS has significant advantages over MeOH in practical applications due to its relatively high CO_(2)conversion and low energy consumption potentials. However, the CO_(2)-FTS faces challenges of difficult CO_(2)activation and low olefins selectivity. Iron-based catalysts are promising for CO_(2)-FTS due to their dual functionality of catalyzing RWGS and CO-FTS reactions. This review summarizes the recent progress on iron-based catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation via the FTS route and analyzes the catalyst optimization from the perspectives of additives, active sites, and reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, we also outline principles and challenges for rational design of high-performance CO_(2)-FTS catalysts.

Review of advanced road materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies

As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure,pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability.In recent years,an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies related to road engineering have continually and progressively emerged,reshaping the landscape of pavement systems.There is a pressing and growing need for a timely summarization of the current research status and a clear identification of future research directions in these advanced and evolving technologies.Therefore,Journal of Road Engineering has undertaken the significant initiative of introducing a comprehensive review paper with the overarching theme of“advanced road materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies”.This extensive and insightful review meticulously gathers and synthesizes research findings from 39 distinguished scholars,all of whom are affiliated with 19 renowned universities or research institutions specializing in the diverse and multidimensional field of highway engineering.It covers the current state and anticipates future development directions in the four major and interconnected domains of road engineering:advanced road materials,advanced road structures and performance evaluation,advanced road construction equipment and technology,and advanced road detection and assessment technologies.

Population genomic data reveal low genetic diversity,divergence and local adaptation among threatened Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)

Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts;however,limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants.Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)is facing population decline,attributed to increases in habitat loss.There is a knowledge gap in understanding the genomic status and genetic basis underlying the local adaptation of this threatened bird.Here,we used population genomic data to assess population structure,genetic diversity,inbreeding patterns,and genetic divergence.Furthermore,we identified candidate genes linked with adaptation across the current distribution of Reeves’s Pheasant.The present study assembled the first de novo genome sequence of Reeves’s Pheasant and annotated 19,458 genes.We also sequenced 30 individuals from three populations(Dabie Mountain,Shennongjia,Qinling Mountain)and found that there was clear population structure among those populations.By comparing with other threatened species,we found that Reeves’s Pheasants have low genetic diversity.Runs of homozygosity suggest that the Shennongjia population has experienced serious inbreeding.The demographic history results indicated that three populations experienced several declines during the glacial period.Local adaptative analysis among the populations identified 241 candidate genes under directional selection.They are involved in a large variety of processes,including the immune response and pigmentation.Our results suggest that the three populations should be considered as three different conservation units.The current study provides genetic evidence for conserving the threatened Reeves’s Pheasant and provides genomic resources for global biodiversity management.

Engineering three-layer core–shell S-1/TS-1@dendritic-SiO_(2) supported Au catalysts towards improved performance for propene epoxidation with H_(2) and O_(2)

The advocacy of green chemical industry has led to the development of highly efficient catalysts for direct gas-phase propene epoxidation with green,sustainable and simple essence.The S-1/TS-1@dendritic-SiO_(2) material with three-layer core–shell structure was developed and used as the support for Au catalysts,which showed simultaneously fantastic PO formation rate,PO selectivity and stability(over 100 h)for propene epoxidation with H_(2) and O_(2).It is found that silicalite-1(S-1)core and the middle thin layer of TS-1 offer great mass transfer ability,which could be responsible for the excellent stability.The designed dendritic SiO_(2) shell covers part of the acid sites on the external surface of TS-1,inhibiting the side reactions and improving the PO selectivity.Furthermore,three kinds of SiO_(2) shell morphologies(i.e.,dendritic,net,mesoporous shell)were designed,and relationship between shell morphology and catalytic performance was elucidated.The results in this paper harbour tremendous guiding significance for the design of highly efficient epoxidation catalysts.

Synthesis of carbon nanofibers@MnO_2 3D structures over copper foil as binder free anodes for lithiumion batteries

A 3D structured composite of carbon nanofibers @ MnO2 on copper foil is reported here as a binder free anode of lithium ion batteries, with high capacity, fast charge/discharge rate and good stability. Carbon nanofiber yarns were synthesized directly over copper foil through a floating catalyst method. The growth of carbon nanofiber yarns was significantly enhanced by mechanical polishing of the copper foils, which can be attributed to the increased surface roughness and surface area of the copper foils. MnO2 was then grown over carbon nanofibers through spontaneous reduction of potassium permanganate by the carbon nanofibers. The obtained composites of carbon nanofibers@MnO2 over copper foil were tested as an anode in lithium ion batteries and they show superior electrochemical performance. The initial reversible capacity of carbon nanofibers@MnO2 reaches up to around 998 mAh.g-1 at a rate of 60 mmA.g-l based on the mass of carbon nanofibers and MnO2. The carbon nanofibers @ MnO2 electrodes could deliver a capacity of 630 mAh.g-1 at the beginning and maintain a capacity of 440 mmAh.g-1 after 105 cycles at a rate of 600 mA.g-~. The high initial capacity can be attributed to the presence of porous carbon nanofiber yarns which have good electrical conductivity and the MnO2 thin film which makes the entire materials electrochemically active. The high cyclic stability of carbon nanofibers@MnO2 can be ascribed to the MnO2 thin film which can accommodate the volume expansion and shrinking during charge and discharge and the good contact of carbon nanofibers with MnO2 and copper foil.

Mechanistic aspects of facet-dependent CH_(4)/C_(2+)selectivity over aχ-Fe_(5)C_(2)Fischer-Tropsch catalyst

Structure-performance relationship is a complex issue in iron-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,and it is not easy to elucidate it by experimental investigations.First-principle calculation is a powerful method for explaining experimental results and guiding catalyst design.In this study,we investigated the reaction mechanisms of CH_(4)formation and C-C coupling on fourχ-Fe_(5)C_(2)surfaces and established the kinetic equations to compare the rates of CH_(4)formation and C_(1)+C_(1)coupling reactions and determine the CH_(4)/C_(2+)selectivity.The results show that the geometry of theχ-Fe_(5)C_(2)surfaces has little effect on the formation rate of CH_(4);however,the C_(1)+C_(1)coupling reactions are significantly affected by the surface geometry.The C_(1)+C_(1)coupling reaction rates on the terraced-like(510)and(021)surfaces are much higher than those on the stepped-like(001)and(100)surfaces.Based on these results,we established a Brùnsted-Evans-Polanyi(BEP)relationship between the effective barrier difference for CH_(4)formation and C_(1)+C_(1)coupling(ΔE_(eff))and the adsorption energy of C+4H(ΔE_(C+4H))onχ-Fe_(5)C_(2)surfaces.ΔE_(C+4H)can be used as a descriptor for CH_(4)/C_(2+)selectivity on different surfaces ofχ-Fe_(5)C_(2).

Aligned carbon nanostructures based 3D electrodes for energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage systems with high specific energy and power as well as long cyclic stability attract increasing attention in new energy technologies. The principles for rational design of electrodes are discussed to reduce the activation, concentration, and resistance overpotentials and improve the active ma- terial efficiency in order to simultaneously achieve high specific energy and power. Three dimensional （3D） nanocomposites are currently considered as promising electrode materials due to their large surface area, reduced electronic and ionic diffusion distances, and synergistic effects. This paper reviews the most recent progress on the synthesis and application of 3D thin film nanoelectrode arrays based on aligned carbon nan- otubes （ACNTs） directly grown on metal foils for energy storages and special attentions are paid on our own representative works. These novel 3D nanoelectrode arrays on metal foil exhibit improved electrochemical performances in terms of specific energy, specific power and cyclic stability due to their unique structures. In this active materials coated ACNTs over conductive substrate structures, each component is tailored to address a different demand. The electrochemical active material is used to store energy, while the ACNTs are employed to provide a large surface area to support the active material and nanocable arrays to facilitate the electron transport. The thin film of active materials can not only reduce ion transport resistance by shorten- ing the diffusion length but also make the film elastic enough to tolerate significant volume changes during charge and discharge cycles. The conductive substrate is used as the current collector and the direct contact of the ACNT arrays with the substrate reduces significantly the contact resistance. The principles obtained from ACNT based electrodes are extended to aligned graphene based electrodes. Similar improvements have been achieved which confirms the reliability of the principles obtained. In addition, we also discuss and view the ongoing trends in development of aligned carbon nanostructures based electrodes for energy storage.

配位不饱和Au-O-Ti^(3+)活性位点的构建及其在低温丙烯气相环氧化反应中强化氢气效率的研究

自1998年以来,人们广泛认为Au/Ti基催化剂的Au-O-Ti^(4+)位点是在相对高温条件下丙烯气相环氧化反应的活性位点,但该类催化剂的H_(2)有效利用率普遍较低。本工作发现了一种在相对低温条件下丙烯气相环氧化反应的新活性位点Au-O-Ti^(3+)。值得注意的是,该活性位点主导反应时,最佳温度可从200℃显著降低至138℃,并使催化剂保持前所未有的43.6%的H_(2)有效利用率、90.7%的环氧丙烷(PO)选择性和超过100 h的稳定性。本工作通过调整处理后S-1晶种中Si-OH和Bu3NH+的量,定量构建了Au-O-Ti^(3+)活性位点。并且利用原位紫外-可见光谱(operando UV-vis)技术研究了Ti-OOH反应中间体的动态演化过程,结果表明,在Au-O-Ti^(3+)活性位点上的Ti-OOH的生成速率比在Au-O-Ti^(4+)活性位点上的明显增高。此外,氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征以及密度泛函数理论(DFT)计算表明,在相对低温条件下,Au-O-Ti^(3+)活性位点中配位不饱和Ti^(3+)位点促进了Au和Ti^(3+)之间的电子转移,从而增强了催化剂对O_(2)的吸附能力,有效促进H_(2)O_(2)的原位生成,并进一步促进活性中间体Ti-OOH的形成。本工作所报道的结果为强化丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的H_(2)有效利用率提供了新的思路,而且为低温下丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的工业化推进开辟了新的机会。

合成气直接转化制取芳烃研究进展（英文）

芳烃类化合物是石化行业重要的基础原料.非石油基碳资源经合成气直接转化制取芳烃具有重要的应用前景,但该过程仍存在着芳烃收率低以及催化剂稳定性差等难题.近年来相关工作取得重要进展,研究人员尝试通过高效催化剂的设计和操作条件的优化以获得更好的催化反应性能.本综述首先对该过程进行了热力学分析,并根据催化剂体系对相关研究成果进行分类总结,主要包括改性FT催化剂和复合催化剂.然后,对各类催化剂体系的反应性能特点和机理进行了深入探讨.改性FT催化剂常采用添加助剂或引入分子筛载体的方法调变反应中间体在传统FT催化剂上的反应路径,以促进芳烃的生成.但是,该过程倾向于生成链烃而致使芳烃选择性受到限制,而且容易形成积炭,催化剂稳定性差.复合催化剂可分为氧化物-分子筛和FT-分子筛催化剂,合成气首先在氧化物或者FT催化剂上生成某些亚稳态中间物种,随后扩散至分子筛孔道内经芳构化转化为芳烃.对于氧化物-分子筛复合催化剂,CO在氧化物上活化并生成醇类(主要是甲醇),随后在分子筛上进行C-C偶联、环化、芳构,生成芳烃.在该串联反应中,由于中间产物的不断转化,不仅使CO加氢反应的平衡右移,提升转化率,而且增加了芳烃的收率与反应的稳定性.另外,该过程CH4产物的选择性极低.对于FT-分子筛复合催化剂,合成气首先在高温FT催化剂上生成低碳烃类,然后转移至分子筛孔道内进行芳构化,该方法可以获得较高的CO转化率但芳烃选择性仍比较低.文章还详细描述了针对不同过程的反应器设计,包括单反应器和双反应器.在单反应器中可装填改性FT催化剂或物理混合的复合催化剂.对于复合催化剂,存在两种活性组分的优化反应条件不一致以及混合方式影响反应活性和产物分布等问题.因此,探索更佳的反应工艺条件对于实现合成气直接转化制芳烃的工业应用具有重要意义.双反应器则是将复合催化剂的两种功能组分分开装填,使分步过程分别在各自最佳反应条件下进行,从而避免了不匹配的问题.最后,该综述展望了合成气直接转化制芳烃过程存在的挑战和应用前景,为更好地设计催化剂、构建反应路径和优化工艺条件提供指导.

纳米碳纤维的微观结构调控与催化作用

纳米碳纤维(CNF)是一种新型一维结构纳米炭材料,因其具有许多独特的性质而备受研究者关注。按照CNF基本结构单元石墨片层与生长轴的夹角不同,可以将CNF分为板式、鱼骨式和管式3种不同微观结构。采用催化化学气相沉积法合成CNF时,微观结构可以通过改变生长动力学进行调控。CNF微观结构的不同导致表面棱边与基面原子比例不同,进而影响着表面含氧基团分布等性质。当CNF用作催化剂载体时,利用这些性质的不同可以调控负载金属颗粒的形貌以及载体与金属作用力等性质,从而改变催化剂的性能。CNF自身具有催化活性,其活性主要来自表面杂原子基团,因此也与CNF的微观结构密切相关。

Iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of lower olefins: The nature of χ-Fe_5C_2 catalyst and why and how to introduce promoters

As a sustainable and short-flow process, iron-catalyzed direct conversion of CO-rich syngas to lower olefins without intermediate steps, i.e., Fischer–Tropsch-to-Olefins (FTO), has received increasing attention. However, its fundamental understanding is usually limited by the complex crystal phase composition in addition to the interferences of the promoter effects and inevitable catalyst deactivation. Until recently, the combination of multiple in-situ/ex-situ characterizations and theoretical studies has evidenced H?gg iron carbide (χ-Fe5C2) as the dominant active phase of iron-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. This perspective attempts to review and discuss some recent progresses on the nature of χ-Fe5C2catalyst and the crucial effects of promoters on the FTO performance from theoretical and experimental viewpoints, aiming to provide new insights into the rational design of iron-based FTO catalysts. ? 2016 Science Press

碳催化反应:关于氧化脱氢反应的综述(英文)

Carbon mediated catalysis has gained an increasing attention in both areas of nanocatalysis and nanomaterials. The progress in carbon nanomaterials provides many new opportunities to manip-ulate the types and properties of active sites of catalysts through manipulating structures, function-alities and properties of carbon surfaces. The present review focuses on progresses in carbon medi-ated oxidative dehydrogenation reactions of ethylbenzene, propane, and butane. The state-of-the-art of the developments of carbon mediated catalysis is discussed in terms of fundamental studies on adsorption of oxygen and hydrocarbons, reaction mechanism as well as effects of carbon nano-material structures and surface functional groups on the catalytic performance. We highlight the importance and challenges in tuning of the electron density of carbon and oxygen on carbon surfac-es for improving selectivity in oxidative dehydrogenation reactions.

Characterization of novel microsatellite markers of the Emei Shan Liocichla using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing

Background:The Emei Shan Liocichla(Liocichla omeiensis) is an endemic bird species to southwestern China with a small geographic range. However, little was known about the genetic status of this threatened species.Methods:We applied restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing(RAD-Seq) for rapid mass identification of microsatellite markers of the Emei Shan Liocichla.Results:A total of 11,564 microsatellite sequences were obtained, 600 random loci were designed for screening and 24 polymorphic microsatellite loci were selected for further validation. The average allele number, average observed heterozygosity and average expected heterozygosity were relatively low in our samples, which were 6.08, 0.6618 and 0.7048, respectively, indicating that the Emei Shan Liocichla might have lost some genetic diversity. Further analyses suggested that the populations distributed on two mountains(Daxiangling and Xiaoliangshan) showed a modest degree of genetic differentiation.Conclusions:These novel microsatellite markers provided valuable preliminary knowledge regarding the genetic status of the Emei Shan Liocichla and can be useful in further studies, as well as in the management and conservation of this species.

Boost oxygen reduction reaction performance by tuning the active sites in Fe-N-P-C catalysts

Cost-effective atomically dispersed Fe-N-P-C complex catalysts are promising to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and replace Pt catalysts in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,it remains a challenge to increase the number of atomically dispersed active sites on these catalysts.Here we report a highly efficient impregnation-pyrolysis method to prepare effective ORR electrocatalysts with large amount of atomically dispersed Fe active sites from biomass.Two types of active catalyst centers were identified,namely atomically dispersed Fe sites and Fe_(x)P particles.The ORR rate of the atomically dispersed Fe sites is three orders of magnitude higher than it of Fe_(x)P particles.A linear correlation between the amount of the atomically dispersed Fe and the ORR activity was obtained,revealing the major contribution of the atomically dispersed Fe to the ORR activity.The number of atomically dispersed Fe increases as the Fe loading increased and reaching the maximum at 1.86 wt%Fe,resulting in the maximum ORR rate.Optimized Fe-N-P-C complex catalyst was used as the cathode catalyst in a homemade Zn-air battery and good performance of an energy density of 771 Wh kgZn^(-1),a power density of 92.9 m W cm^(-2) at 137 m A cm^(-2) and an excellent durability were exhibited.

Enhancing the dynamic electron transfer of Au species on wormhole-like TS-1 for boosting propene epoxidation performance with H_(2) and O_(2)

Engineering unique electronic structure of catalyst to boost catalytic performance is of prime scientific and industrial importance.Herein,the identification of intrinsic electronic sensitivity for direct propene epoxidation was first achieved over highly stable Au/wormhole-like TS-1 catalyst.Results show that the electron transfer of Au species can be regulated by manipulating the dynamic evolutions and contents of Au valence states,thus resulting in different catalytic performance in 100 h time-on-stream.By DFT calculations,kinetic analysis and multicharacterizations,it is found that the Au^(0) species with higher electronic population can easily transfer more electrons to activate surface O_(2) compared with Au^(1+) and Au^(3+) species.Moreover,there is a positive correlation between Au^(0) content and activity.Based on this correlation,a facile strategy is further proposed to boost Au^(0) percentage,resulting in the reported highest PO formation rate without adding promoters.This work harbors tremendous guiding significance to the design of highly efficient Au/Ti-containing catalyst for propene epoxidation with H_(2) and O_(2).

Fabrication of K-promoted iron/carbon nanotubes composite catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of lower olefins

K-promoted iron/carbon nanotubes composite（i.e., Fe K-OX） was prepared by a redox reaction between carbon nanotubes and K2FeO4followed by thermal treatments on a purpose as the Fischer–Tropsch catalyst for the direct conversion of syngas to lower olefins. Its catalytic behaviors were compared with those of the other two Fe-IM and Fe K-IM catalysts prepared by impregnation method followed by thermal treatments. The novel Fe K-OX composite catalyst is found to exhibit higher hydrocarbon selectivity,lower olefins selectivity and chain growth probability as well as better stability. The catalyst structureperformance relationship has been established using multiple techniques including XRD, Raman, TEM and EDS elemental mapping. In addition, effects of additional potassium into the Fe K-OX composite catalyst on the FTO performance were also investigated and discussed. Additional potassium promoters further endow the catalysts with higher yield of lower olefins. These results demonstrated that the introduction method of promoters and iron species plays a crucial role in the design and fabrication of highly active,selective and stable iron-based composite catalysts for the FTO reaction.

Active sites of Pt/CNTs nanocatalysts for aerobic base-free oxidation of glycerol

Understanding the nature of Pt active sites is of great importance for the structure-sensitive base-free oxidation of glycerol. In the present work, the remarkable Pt particle size effects on glycerol conversion and products formation from the oxidation of the primary and the secondary hydroxyl groups are understood by combining the model calculations and DFT calculations, aiming to discriminate the corresponding dominant Pt active sites. The Pt(100) facet is demonstrated to be the dominant active sites for the glycerol conversion and the products formation from the two routes. The insights revealed here could shed new light on fundamental understanding of the Pt particle size effects and then guiding the design and optimization of Pt-catalyzed base-free oxidation of glycerol toward targeted products.

Economic Analysis on Protection of Farmers' Benefits Based on Market of Agricultural Means of Production and Agricultural Products

Influenced by many factors,farmers remain very unfavorable position in market transaction and thus fail to ensure their reasonable benefits.In accordance with basic theory of microeconomics,this paper analyzes mutual relation between market of agricultural means of production and agricultural product market,compares economic decisions of agricultural means of production enterprises and agricultural product circulation service providers in monopoly condition and perfect competitive market,expounds influence of monopoly position of agricultural means of production enterprises and agricultural products service providers on economic benefits of farmers,and elaborates weak position and economic damage of farmers in transaction with various economic entities.Through analysis,it further recognizes necessity for protection of farmers'benefits and puts forward corresponding countermeasures:(1)regulating providers of agricultural means of production;(2)strengthening construction of agricultural product market circulation system;(3)improving organization of farmers;(4)setting up and improving production subsidy system of farmers.

扬刺百会穴结合舒缓音乐疗法治疗轻度认知功能障碍合并失眠的临床疗效

目的:探讨扬刺百会穴结合舒缓音乐疗法治疗轻度认知功能障碍合并失眠的临床疗效。方法:选取轻度认知功能障碍合并失眠患者70例,随机分为对照组和治疗组(每组35例)。对照组给予阿普唑仑片口服,治疗组采用扬刺百会穴结合舒缓音乐治疗,观察治疗前后的疗效。结果:治疗后,对照组与治疗组的MMSE评分、PSQI评分均明显优于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组的MoCA评分、MMSE评分和PSQI评分显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后的MoCA评分没有显著变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组睡眠质量改善总有效率为21例(60.0%),治疗组睡眠质量改善总有效率33例(94.3%)。结论:扬刺百会穴结合舒缓音乐疗法治疗轻度认知功能障碍合并失眠,临床疗效好,安全性高,无明显不良反应,可显著改善认知功能和睡眠质量,值得临床推广。