Efficacy and safety of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with butorphanol for sedated colonoscopy

BACKGROUND Propofol is a short-acting,rapid-recovering anesthetic widely used in sedated colonoscopy for the early detection,diagnosis and treatment of colon diseases.However,the use of propofol alone may require high doses to achieve the induction of anesthesia in sedated colonoscopy,which has been associated with anesthesia-related adverse events(AEs),including hypoxemia,sinus bradycardia,and hypotension.Therefore,propofol co-administrated with other anesthetics has been proposed to reduce the required dose of propofol,enhance the efficacy,and improve the satisfaction of patients receiving colonoscopy under sedation.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of propofol target-controlled infusion(TCI)in combination with butorphanol for sedation during colonoscopy.METHODS In this controlled clinical trial,a total of 106 patients,who were scheduled for sedated colonoscopy,were prospectively recruited and assigned into three groups to receive different doses of butorphanol before propofol TCI:Low-dose butorphanol group(5μg/kg,group B1),high-dose butorphanol group(10μg/kg,group B2),and control group(normal saline,group C).Anesthesia was achieved by propofol TCI.The primary outcome was the median effective concentration(EC50)of propofol TCI,which was measured using the up-and-down sequential method.The secondary outcomes included AEs in perianesthesia and recovery characteristics.RESULTS The EC50 of propofol for TCI was 3.03μg/mL[95%confidence interval(CI):2.83-3.23μg/mL]in group B2,3.41μg/mL(95%CI:3.20-3.62μg/mL)in group B1,and 4.05μg/mL(95%CI:3.78-4.34μg/mL)in group C.The amount of propofol necessary for anesthesia was 132 mg[interquartile range(IQR),125-144.75 mg]in group B2 and 142 mg(IQR,135-154 mg)in group B1.Furthermore,the awakening concentration was 1.1μg/mL(IQR,0.9-1.2μg/mL)in group B2 and 1.2μg/mL(IQR,1.025-1.5μg/mL)in group B1.Notably,the propofol TCI plus butorphanol groups(groups B1 and B2)had a lower incidence of anesthesia AEs,when compared to group C.Furthermore,no significant differences were observed in the rates of AEs in perianesthesia,including hypoxemia,sinus bradycardia,hypotension,nausea and vomiting,and vertigo,among group C,group B1 and group B2.CONCLUSION The combined use with butorphanol reduces the EC50 of propofol TCI for anesthesia.The decrease in propofol might contribute to the reduced anesthesia-related AEs in patients undergoing sedated colonoscopy.

Effect of anesthesia induction with butorphanol on postoperative nausea and vomiting:A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)are common complications that affect the recovery and well-being of elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery.AIM To investigate the effect of butorphanol on PONV in this patient population.METHODS A total of 110 elderly patients(≥65 years old)who underwent gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol(40μg/kg)or sufentanil(0.3μg/kg)during anesthesia induction in a 1:1 ratio.The measured outcomes included the incidence of PONV at 48 h after surgery,intraoperative dose of propofol and remifentanil,Bruggrmann Comfort Scale score in the postanesthesia care unit(PACU),number of compressions for postoperative patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia(PCIA),and time to first flatulence after surgery.RESULTS The results revealed a noteworthy reduction in the occurrence of PONV at 24 h after surgery in the butorphanol group,when compared to the sufentanil group(T1:23.64%vs 5.45%,T2:43.64%vs 20.00%,P<0.05).However,no significant variations were observed between the two groups,in terms of the clinical characteristics,such as the PONV or motion sickness history,intraoperative and postoperative 48-h total infusion volume and hemodynamic parameters,intraoperative dose of propofol and remifentanil,number of postoperative PCIA compressions,time until the first occurrence of postoperative flatulence,and incidence of PONV at 48 h post-surgery(all,P>0.05).Furthermore,patients in the butorphanol group were more comfortable,when compared to patients in the sufentanil group in the PACU.CONCLUSION The present study revealed that butorphanol can be an efficacious substitute for sufentanil during anesthesia induction to diminish PONV within 24 h following gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery in the elderly,simultaneously improving patient comfort in the PACU.

不同剂量布托啡诺经鼻给药超前镇痛对老年患者苏醒期术后寒战发病率的影响

目的观察不同剂量布托啡诺经鼻给药超前镇痛对行胃、结肠癌根治术的老年患者苏醒期术后寒战发病率的影响。方法选择全身麻醉下行胃、结肠癌根治术的老年患者360例,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组:布托啡诺0.005 mg/kg组(B1组)、布托啡诺0.010 mg/kg组(B2组)、布托啡诺0.02 mg/kg组(B3组)及布托啡诺0.030 mg/kg组(B4组)及对照组(C组)。B1、B2、B3及B4组于麻醉诱导前10 min分别按照各自剂量经鼻给予布托啡诺;C组以等容量生理盐水替代。统计手术时间、麻醉苏醒时间、拔管时间、在PACU内停留时间、术中舒芬太尼和丙泊酚的用量及苏醒期恶心呕吐、喉痉挛、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发病率,并进行苏醒期术后寒战评级及拔管后5 min口述镇痛评分。结果与B1及C组比较,B2、B3及B4组舒芬太尼用量明显减少,苏醒期恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制及喉痉挛的发病率、术后寒战评级及拔管5 min口述镇痛评分降低(P<0.05);与B1、B4及C组比较,B2及B3组的麻醉苏醒时间、拔管时间、在PACU内停留时间缩短(P<0.05)。结论布托啡诺0.010~0.020 mg/kg经鼻给药超前镇痛可降低行胃、结肠癌根治术的老年患者苏醒期术后寒战的发病率,且术后恶心、呕吐等其他并发症明显减少,无苏醒延迟。