Association between increased CD177^(+)neutrophils and chronic activation in people living with HIV

To the Editor:Neutrophils,as innate cells,play an important role in the immune defensive response against invading pathogens and provide signals for the proliferation and activation of T and B cells to initiate adaptive immunity.[1]Neutrophils from human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 patients exhibit multiple functional defects,such as impaired antimicrobial killing activity and impaired production of reactive oxygen species(ROS),and an altered phenotype.[2]CD177^(+)neutrophils were identified as a functionally activated cell population.[3]It releases high levels of ROS and antimicrobial peptides compared with CD177^(-)neutrophils under inflammatory conditions.This increased inflammatory cytokine production and ROS generation may have detrimental impacts on the site of stimulation leading to tissue damage,such as epithelial barrier damage resulting in microbial translocation,which is a critical contributor to chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection.

Pretreatment integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance in Tianjin,China

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection is a significant and pressing concern for public health worldwide.[1]Midway through the 1990s,the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy(ART)has resulted in a significant paradigm shift in the management of HIV infection,thereby altering its prognosis from a lifethreatening disease to a chronic and managed health condition.According to previous studies,people who are living with HIV(PLWH)that are on current ART have shown a decrease in both the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection,along with a decreased risk of transmitting the virus to others.

Advantages of switching to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/ tenofovir therapy in virologically-suppressed people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome

To the Editor:With recent advances in antiretroviral therapy(ART)regimens,many patients may benefit from switching drugs.The new combination drug,elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir(E/C/F/TAF),has been approved for use in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AID[PLWHA])in China and has also been included within the scope of medical insurance.This single-tablet regimen provides a convenient,once-daily,treatment option for many PLWHA.E/C/F/TAF was shown to increase adherence to ART and decrease the risk of drug resistance and virological failure.[1–4]However,another study showed a higher level of several lipid parameters in patients with tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)-based therapy compared with tenofovir(TDF)-based therapy in treatment-naïve and-experienced adults.[5]In 2019,a phase IV clinical study of E/C/F/TAF was conducted at our Antiviral Treatment Center,allowing us to explore the virological and immunological responses during 12 months of follow-up after switching.We also explored the changes in renal function,liver function,and lipid parameters in PLWHA.