Differentially expressed whey proteins of donkey and bovine colostrum revealed with a label-free proteomics approach

This study aimed to analyze and compare the differentially expressed whey proteins(DEWPs)of donkey and bovine colostrum using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics.A total of 620 and 696 whey proteins were characterized in the donkey and bovine colostrum,respectively,including 383 common whey proteins.Among these common proteins,80 were identified as DEWPs,including 21 upregulated and 59 downregulated DEWPs in donkey colostrum compared to bovine colostrum.Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEWPs were mainly related to cellular components,such as extracellular exosome,plasma membrane,and mitochondrion;biological processes,such as oxidation-reduction process,cell-cell adhesion,and small guanosine triphosphate(GTP)ase-mediated signal transduction;and molecular functions,such as GTP binding,GTPase activity,and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor(NSF)attachment protein receptor activity.Metabolic pathway analysis suggested that the majority of the DEWPs were associated with soluble NSF factor attachment protein receptor interactions in vesicular transport,fatty acid biosynthesis,and estrogen signaling pathways.Our results provide a vital insight into the differences between donkey and bovine colostrum,along with important information on the significant components as nutritional and functional factors to be included in infant formula based on multiple milk sources.

白鹤利用农田作为中转取食生境的原因

白鹤(Grusleucogeranus)为IUCN红色名录极危物种,在中转停歇地松嫩平原的停歇生境为湿地,近年来却出现多数个体迁离湿地转移到玉米(Zeamays)地取食停歇的现象。为探究迁徙白鹤在中转停歇地取食生境利用变化的原因,我们于2020年9月至2021年11月对该区域白鹤种群数量和取食生境等进行观测,并对食物资源量进行了分析。结果表明:(1)在农田生境取食的白鹤个体数量占比达72.7%,是湿地生境的2.66倍。农田已成为迁徙白鹤在中转停歇地的主要取食生境之一。(2)根据不同的收割方式,农田可提供的总能量是湿地的1.24–2.79倍;白鹤在农田的日摄入能量约为湿地的1.56倍。(3)在农田白鹤的每日取食时间约占总活动时长的53.5%,是湿地的1.67倍,取食成功率是湿地的1.56倍。白鹤取食生境利用变化的主要原因可能是由于水位变化、食物资源变化、取食难易度不同和人为干扰等综合作用导致。为有效保护和管理白鹤生境,建议合理进行湿地生态补水调控并恢复白鹤主要食源植物,开展农业用地保护计划并设置自然保护小区。